Explore the Ways In Which Shakespeare Presents Cleopatra Essay

An Elizabethan audience would have already had preconceived ideas about Cleopatra, as this play is based on a true story, and Cleopatra was commented on in ‘North’s Plutarch’, as a â€Å"Pesilent plague†, meaning that she brings death, panic and havoc to wherever she went. Also the audience would have already had preconceived ideas of Cleopatra, due to oral stories, which were passed from generation to generation. In these stories, she was addressed as a high-class prostitute, who lured men, into her bed, so that she could sleep with them to get whatever she wanted, this included Caesar, She had no morality. The stories say that she seduced Antony, and she overwhelmed him. The audience therefore would have been biased against Cleopatra and feel sympathy for Antony. Most of these stories would have been passed on by word of mouth and she would have been cursed on many times, which ‘brain washed’ the next generation and so on. Shakespeare presents Cleopatra as a character of â€Å"Infinite variety† and tries to give a balanced point of view, so as there are not any biased opinions against her. He keeps it balanced by using some multi-facetted approaches; when Antony was dying, she said, â€Å"There is nothing remarkable Beneath the visiting moon† She is saying that now that Antony is dead, there is nothing worth living for. Here it is presented that she does genuinely love Antony, the problem now being that the audience’s ideas are swaying between good and bad, due to her words and actions. But she also says, â€Å"if you find him sad, say I am dancing, if in mirth report that I am sudden sick† Here it is clearly proving that Cleopatra’s love seems that of a teenagers lust or ‘crush’, where she is simply playing mind games with Antony. By now the audience would find Cleopatra unpredictable, confused and unsure about her being genuine for her love to Antony or not. The audience is left to make up their own minds about Cleopatra and certain questions may arise, such as, does she really love Antony? The audience would already have their own preconceived ideas of Cleopatra, which could have been planted in the minds of an Elizabethan audience, through morality stories. The audience might have known that the Roman Empire was a very strict and political place and era, and Antony was not abiding by the Roman standards or laws, because of the attraction of Cleopatra, who they could blame for the downfall. Also during Roman rule, and for centuries later, women were frowned upon even if they spoke so what would the Elizabethan audience think of the audacity, let alone tone of Cleopatra’s dialogue. In the first scene of Antony and Cleopatra, two of Antony’s soldiers in his army, (Philo and Demetrious) discuss Antony’s enslavement to Cleopatra. They say that which is confirmed by the entrance of Antony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra shows insecurity, towards Antony straight from her opening line â€Å"If it be love indeed, tell me how much†, Antony goes on to say â€Å"Let Rome in timber melt and the wide arch of the rang’d empire fall! Here is my space. † Here Antony is saying forget Rome I want to stay in Egypt, which shows how Cleoptara had already influenced Antony and even after this strong image and speech, she is still not impressed.

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 3

I he sleek white limousine raced through the night like a dolphin underwater, carrying Thierry Des-couedres away from the airport. It was taking him to hisLas Vegas mansion, white walls and palm trees, limpid blue fountains and tiled terraces. Rooms full of artwork and museum-quality furniture. Everything anyone could ask for. He shut his eyes and leaned back against the crimson cushions, wishing he were somewhere else. â€Å"How wasHawaii , sir?† The driver's voice came from the front seat. Thierry opened his eyes. Nilsson was a good driver. He seemed to be about Thierry's own age, around nineteen, with a neat ponytail, dark glasses despite the fact that it was nighttime, and a discreet expression. â€Å"Wet, Nilsson,† Thierry said softly. He stared out the window. â€Å"Hawaiiwas very†¦ wet.† â€Å"But you didn't find what you were looking for.† â€Å"No. I didn't find what I was looking for †¦ again.† â€Å"I'm sorry, sir.† â€Å"Thank you, Nilsson.† Thierry tried to look past his own reflection in the window. It was disturbing, seeing that young man with the white-blond hair and the old, old eyes looking back at him. He had such a pensive expression †¦ so lost and so sad. Like somebody always looking for something he can't find, Thierry thought. He turned away from the window in determination. â€Å"Everything been going all right while I've been gone?† he asked, picking up his cellular phone. Work. Work always helped. Kept you busy, kept your mind off things, kept you away from yourself, basically. â€Å"Fine, I think, sir. Mr. James and Miss Poppy are back.† â€Å"That's good. They'll make thenext Circle Daybreak meeting.† Thierry's finger hovered over a button on the phone, considering whom to call. Whose need might be the most urgent. But before he could touch it, the phone buzzed. Thierry pressed send and held it to his ear. â€Å"Thierry.† â€Å"Sir? It's me, Lupe. Can you hear me?† The voice was faint and broken by static, but distant as it was, Thierry could hear that the caller sounded weak. â€Å"Lupe? Are you all right?† â€Å"I got in a fight, sir. I'm a little torn up.† She gave a gasping chuckle. â€Å"But you should see the other wolf.† Thierry reached for a leather-bound address book and a goldMont Blanc pen. â€Å"That's not funny, Lupe. You shouldn't be fighting.† â€Å"I know, sir, but-â€Å" â€Å"You've really got to restrain yourself.† â€Å"Yes, sir, but-â€Å" â€Å"Tell me where you are, and I'll have somebody pick you up. Get you to a doctor.† Thierry made a practice mark with the pen. No ink came out. He stared at the nib of it in mild disbelief. â€Å"You buy an eight-hundred-dollar pen and then it doesn't write,† he murmured. â€Å"Sir, you're not listening to me. You don't understand. I've found her.† Thierry stopped trying to make the pen write. He stared at it, at his own long fingers holding the chunky, textured gold barrel, knowing that this sight would be impressed on his memory as if burned in with a torch. â€Å"Did you hear me, sir? I've found her.† When his voice came out at last, it was strangely distant. â€Å"Are you sure?† â€Å"Yes. Yes, sir, I'm sure. She's got the mark and everything. Her name is Hannah Snow.† Thierry reached over the front seat and grabbed the astonished Nilsson with a hand like iron. He said very quietly in the driver's ear, â€Å"Do you have a pencil?† â€Å"A pencil?† â€Å"Something that writes, Nilsson. An instrument to make marks on paper. Do you have one? Quick, because if I lose this connection, you're fired.† â€Å"I've got a pen, sir.† One-handed, Nilsson fished in his pocket and produced a Bic. â€Å"Your salary just doubled.† Thierry took the pen and sat back. â€Å"Where are you, Lupe?† â€Å"The Badlands of Montana, sir. Near a town called Medicine Rock. But there's something else, sir.† Lupe's voice seemed less steady all of a sudden. â€Å"The other wolf that fought me-he saw her, too. And he got away.† Thierry's breath caught. â€Å"I see.† â€Å"I'm sorry.† Lupe was suddenly talking quickly, in a burst of emotion. â€Å"Oh, Thierry, I'm sorry. I tried to stop him. But he got away-and now I'm afraid he's off telling†¦ her.† â€Å"You couldn't help it, Lupe. And I'll be there myself, soon. I'll be there to take care of-everything.† Thierry looked at the driver. â€Å"We've got to make some stops, Nilsson. First, the Harman store.† â€Å"The witch place?† â€Å"Exactly. You can triple your salary if you get there fast.† When Hannah got to Paul Winfield's house the next afternoon, the sheriff was there. Chris Grady was an honest-to-goodness Western sheriff, complete with boots, broad-brimmed hat, and vest. The only thing missing, Hannah thought as she walked around to the back of the house where Paul was hammering boards across the broken windows, was a horse. â€Å"Hi, Chris,† she said. The sheriff nodded, sun-weathered skin crinkling at the corners of her eyes. She took off her hat and ran a hand through shoulder-length auburn hair. â€Å"I see you found yourself a couple of giant timber wolves, Hannah. You're not hurt, are you?† Hannah shook her head no. She tried to summon up a smile but failed. â€Å"I think they were maybe wolf-dogs or something. Pure-bred wolves aren't so aggressive.† â€Å"That print wasn't made by any wolf-dog,† Chris said. On the concrete flagstones outside the window there was a paw print made in blood. It was similar to a dog's footprint, with four pads plus claw marks showing. But it was more than six inches long by just over five inches wide. â€Å"Judging from that, it's the biggest wolf ever heard of around here, bigger than the White Wolf of the Judith.† The sheriff's eyes drifted to the empty rectangles of the broken windows. â€Å"Big and mean. You people be careful. Something's going on here that I don't like. I'll let you know if we catch your wolves.† She nodded to Paul, who was sucking his finger after banging it with the hammer. Then she set her hat back on her head and strode off to her car. Hannah stared at the paw print silently. Everyone else thought there was something going on. Everyone but her. Because there can't be, she thought. Because it has to all be in my head. It has to be something I can figure out and fix quick†¦ something I can control. â€Å"Thanks for seeing me again so soon,† she said to Paul. â€Å"Oh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He gestured, tucking the hammer under his arm. â€Å"It's no trouble. I want to get to the bottom of what's upsetting you as much as you do. And,† he admitted under his breath as he let them in the house, â€Å"I don't actually have any other patients.† Hannah followed him down a hallway and into his office. It was dim inside, the boards across the windows reducing the late afternoon sunlight to separate oddly-angled shafts. She sat in the contoured chair. â€Å"The only thing is, how can we get to the bottom of it? I don't understand what's upsetting me, either. It's all too strange. I mean, on the one hand, I'm clearly insane.† She spoke flatly as Paul took his seat on the opposite side of the desk. â€Å"I have crazy dreams, I think the world is going to end, I have the feeling I'm being followed, and yesterday I started hearing voices in my head. On the other hand, me being insane doesn't explain wolves jumping through the windows.† â€Å"Voices?† Paul murmured, looking around for a pencil. Then he gave up and faced her. â€Å"Yeah, I know. I understand the temptation. Last night after having those wolves stare at me, I was about ready to believe that there had to be something†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He trailed off and shook his head, lifting papers on his desk to glance under them. â€Å"Something†¦ really strange going on. But now it's daytime, and we're all rational people, and we realize that we have to deal with things rationally. And, actually, you know, I think I may have come up with a rational explanation.† He found a pencil and with an expression of vast relief began to waggle it between his fingers. Hope stirred inside Hannah. â€Å"An explanation?† â€Å"Yeah. I mean, first of all, it's possible that your premonitions and things are entirely unconnected with the wolves. People never want to believe in coincidence, but it happens. But even if the two things are connected-well, I don't think that means that anybody's after you. It could be that there's some sort of disturbance in this area-something that's stirring up the whole ecosystem, making wolves crazy, doing who knows what to other animals†¦ and that you're somehow sensing this. You're attuned to it somehow. Maybe it's earthquake weather or-or sunspots or negative ions in the air. But whatever it is, it's causing you to think that some terrible disaster is coming. That the world is ending or that you're about to be killed.† Hannah felt the hope sink inside her, and it was more painful than not having had it at all. â€Å"I suppose that could happen,† she said. She didn't want to hurt his feelings. â€Å"But how does it explain this?† She reached into the canvas bag she carried instead of a purse and pulled out a folded slip of paper. Paul took the paper and read it. † ‘They've seen you. They're going to tell him. This is your last chance to get away.' † He stuck the pencil in his mouth. â€Å"Hmmm †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I found it this morning wrapped around my toothbrush,† Hannah said quietly. â€Å"And it's your handwriting?† She shut her eyes and nodded. â€Å"And you don't remember writing it.† â€Å"I didn't write it. I know I didn't.† She opened her eyes and took a deep breath. â€Å"The notes scare me. Everything that's happening scares me. I don't understand any of it, and I don't see how I'm supposed to fix it if I don't understand it.† Paul considered, chewing on the pencil gently. â€Å"Look-whatever's happening, whoever's writing the notes, I think your subconscious mind is trying to tell you something. The dreams are evidence of that. But it's not telling you enough. There's something I was going to suggest, something I don't exactly believe in, but that we can try anyway. Something to get to your subconscious directly so we can ask it what's going on.† Get to her subconscious directly†¦. Hannah held her breath. â€Å"Hypnosis?† Paul nodded. â€Å"I'm not a big hypnosis fan. It's not some magical trance like TV and the movies want you to believe. It's just a state of mind where you're a little more relaxed, a little more likely to be able to remember threatening things without choking up. But it's nothing you can't achieve yourself by doing breathing exercises at home.† Hannah wasn't happy. Hypnosis still seemed to mean giving up control. If not to Paul, then to her own subconscious. But what else am I supposed to do? She sat and listened to the quiet helplessness in her mind for a moment. Not a peep from the cool wind voice or the crystal voice-and that was good, as far as she was concerned. Still, it pointed up the fact that she didn't have an alternative. She looked at Paul. â€Å"Okay. Let's do it.† â€Å"Great.† He stood, then reached for a book on the corner of his desk. â€Å"Always assuming I remember how†¦. Okay, why don't you lie down on the couch?† Hannah hesitated, then shrugged. If I'm going to do it, I might as well do it right. She lay down and stared at the dark beams in the ceiling. In spite of how miserable she was feeling, she had an almost irresistible impulse to giggle. Here she was on a real psychologist's couch, waiting to be hypnotized. Her friends at school would never consider even going to a shrink-out here inMontana craziness was okay. After all, you had to be a little eccentric to be living in this hard land in the first place. What wasn't okay was admitting you couldn't deal with it on your own, paying too much attention to it, asking for help. And allowing yourself to be hypnotized was even worse. They all think I'm the most independent and together of any of them. If they could see me now. â€Å"Okay, I want you to get comfortable and shut your eyes,† Paul said. He was perched with one hip on the edge of his desk, leg swinging, book in hand. His voice was quiet and soothing-the professional voice. Hannah shut her eyes. â€Å"Now I want you to imagine yourself floating. Just floating and feeling very relaxed. There's nothing you need to think about and nowhere you need to go. And now you're seeing yourself enveloped by a beautiful violet light. It's bathing your entire body and it's making you more and more relaxed †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The couch was surprisingly comfortable. Its curves fit under her, supporting her without being intrusive. It was easy to imagine that she was floating, easy to imagine the light around her. â€Å"And now you feel yourself floating down deeper†¦ into a deeper state of relaxation†¦ and you're surrounded by a deep blue light. The blue light is all around you, shining through you, and it's making you more comfortable, more relaxed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The soft soothing voice went on, and at its direction Hannah imagined waves of colored light bathing her body. Deep blue, emerald green, golden yellow, glowing orange. Hannah saw it all. It was amazing and effortless; her mind just showed her the pictures. And as the colors came and went she felt herself becoming more and more relaxed, warm and almost weightless. She couldn't feel the couch underneath her any longer. She was floating on light. â€Å"And now you're seeing a ruby red light, very deep, very relaxing. You're so relaxed; you're calm and comfortable, and everything feels safe. Nothing will upset you; you can answer all my questions without ever feeling distressed. Do you understand me?† â€Å"Yes,† Hannah said. She was aware of saying it, but it wasn't exactly as if she had said it. She wasn't aware of planning to say it. Something within her seemed to be answering Paul using her voice. But it wasn't frightening. She still felt relaxed, floating in the ruby light. â€Å"All right. I'm now speaking to Hannah's subconscious. You will be able to remember things that Hannah's waking mind isn't aware of-even things that have been repressed. Do you understand?† â€Å"Yes.† Again, the voice seemed to come before Hannah decided to speak. â€Å"Good. Now, I've got this last note here, the one you found wrapped around your toothbrush this morning. Do you remember this note?† â€Å"Yes.† Of course. â€Å"Okay, that's good. And now I want you to go back in your mind, back to the time that this note was written.† This time Hannah was aware of a need to speak. â€Å"But how can I do that? I don't know when it was written. I didn't write-â€Å" â€Å"Just-just-just let go, Hannah,† Paul said, overriding her. His voice soothing again, he added, â€Å"Feel relaxed, feel yourself becoming very relaxed, and let your conscious mind go. Just tell yourself to go back to the time this note was written. Don't worry about how. See the ruby light and think 1 will go back.' Are you doing that?† â€Å"Yes,† Hannah said. Go back, she told herself gamely. Just relax and go back, okay? â€Å"And now, a picture is beginning to form in your mind. You are seeing something. What are you seeing?† Hannah felt something inside her give way. She seemed to be falling into the ruby right. Her ordinary mind was suspended; it seemed to have been shuttled off to the side somewhere. In this odd dreamlike state, nothing could surprise her. Paul's voice was gently insistent. â€Å"What are you seeing?† Hannah saw it. A tiny picture that seemed to open up, unfold as she stared at it. â€Å"I see myself,† she whispered. â€Å"Where are you?† â€Å"I don't know. Wait, maybe I'm in my room.† She could see herself, wearing something long and white-a nightgown. No, she was that self, she was in her bedroom, wearing her nightgown. She was in Paul's office, lying on the couch, but she was in her bedroom at the same time. How strange, she thought dimly. â€Å"All right, now the picture will get clearer. You'll begin to see things around you. Just relax and you'll begin to see them. Now, what are you doing?† Without feeling anything-except a kind of distant amusement and resignation-Hannah said, â€Å"Writing a note.† Paul muttered something that sounded like, â€Å"Aha.† But it might have been, â€Å"XJh-huh.† Then he said softly, â€Å"And why are you writing it?† â€Å"I don't know-to warn myself. I have to warn myself.† â€Å"About what?† Hannah felt herself shake her own head helplessly. â€Å"Okay†¦ what are you feeling as you write it?† â€Å"Oh †¦Ã¢â‚¬  That was easy. Paul was undoubtedly expecting her to say something like â€Å"fear† or â€Å"anxiety.† But that wasn't the strongest thing she was feeling. Not the strongest at all. â€Å"Longing,† Hannah whispered. She moved her head restlessly on the couch. â€Å"Just-longing.† â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"I want-so much †¦ I want†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . â€Å"What do you want?† â€Å"Him.† It came out as a sob. Hannah's ordinary mind watched somewhere in amazement, but Hannah's body was entirely taken over by the feeling, racked with it. â€Å"I know it's impossible. It's danger and death to me. But I don't care. I can't help it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Whoa, whoa, whoa. I mean, you're feeling very relaxed. You're very calm and you can answer my questions. Who is this person that you're longing for?† â€Å"The one who comes,† Hannah said softly and hopelessly. â€Å"He's wicked and evil †¦ I know that. She explained it all to me. And I know he'll kill me. The way he always has. But I want him.† She was trembling. She could feel her own body radiating heat-and she could hear Paul swallow. Somehow in this expanded state of consciousness she seemed to be able to see him, as if she could be everywhere at once. She knew he was sitting there on the edge of the desk, looking at her dazedly, bewildered by the transformation in the young woman on his couch. She knew he could see her, her face pale and glowing from inner heat, her breath coming quickly, her body gripped by a fine muscular tremor. And she knew he was stirred-and frightened. â€Å"Oh, boy.† Paul's breath came out and he shifted on the desk. He bowed his head, then lifted it, looking for a pencil. â€Å"Okay, I have to admit, I'm lost. Let's just go back to the beginning here. You feel that somebody is after you, and that he's tried to kill you before? Some old boyfriend who's stalking you, maybe?† â€Å"No. He hasn't tried to kill me. He has killed me.† â€Å"He has killed you.† Paul bit his pencil. He muttered, â€Å"I should have known better than to have started this. I don't believe in hypnosis anyway.† â€Å"And he's going to do it again. I'll die before my seventeenth birthday. It's my punishment for loving him. It always happens that way.† â€Å"Right. Okay. Okay, let's try something really basic here†¦. Does this mystery guy have a name?† Hannah lifted a hand and let it drop. â€Å"When?† she whispered. â€Å"What?† â€Å"When?† â€Å"When what? What?† Paul shook his head. â€Å"Oh, hell-â€Å" Hannah spoke precisely. â€Å"He's used different names at different times. He's had-hundreds, I guess. But I think of him as Thierry. Thierry Descouedres. Because that's the one he's used for the last couple of lifetimes.† There was a long silence. Then Paul said, â€Å"The last couple of †¦ ?† â€Å"Lifetimes. It may still be his name now. The last time I saw him he said he wouldn't bother to change it anymore. He wouldn't bother to hide any longer.† Paul said, â€Å"Oh, God.† He stood, walked to the window, and put his head in his hands. Then he turned back to Hannah. â€Å"Are we talking about †¦ I mean, tell me we're not talking about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused and then his voice came out soft and boneless. â€Å"The Big R? You know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He winced. â€Å"Reincarnation?† A long silence. Then Hannah heard her own voice say flatly, â€Å"He hasn't been reincarnated.† â€Å"Oh.† Paul's breath came out in relief. â€Å"Well, thank God. You had me scared there for a minute.† â€Å"He's been alive all this time,† Hannah said. â€Å"He isn't human, you know.†

Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Bbevaviour in Terms

Behaviourism was first developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the field of animal psychology. He believed that all behaviour was observable and therefore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association between a stimulus and response. Watson did not deny the existence of inner experiences, but insisted that they could not be studied because they were not observable ) Watson’s stimulus and response theory of psychology claimed that all complex forms of behaviour – emotions, habits etc – are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured, and that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way. Watson aimed to prove his beliefs with laboratory experiments, and one of these experiments was known as â€Å" The Little Albert Experiment†. Little Albert was a small young boy of about 18 months of age , Young Albert would sit happily on the floor and play with a white rat. Young Albert did not like loud noises, and on the presentation of the rat, scientists would clang two metal rods together behind Young Albert’s head, which resulted in screaming from young Albert. The result of this â€Å" conditioning† experiment was that Albert came to associate the rat with fear, and on following presentations of the rat, young Albert displayed considerable fear. Around the turn of the 20th century, another American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in one experiment he placed a cat in a â€Å"puzzle box† and measured the time it took to escape. Over a number of trials, the time taken to escape decreased, and from this observation he developed the â€Å"law of (positive) effect†, which states that any behaviour leading to a positive outcome will tend to be repeated in similar circumstances. If we like the consequences of our actions then the actions are likely to be repeated, this ype of learning was known as operant conditioning . Thorndike’s work was developed by such behaviourist’s such as B. F. Skinner. Skinner approach to psychology was scientific, his views came from Darwin’s theories of evolution. Skinner focused on the environment as a cause for human behaviour, he did not think that people acted for moral reasons, believing they reacted in response to their environme nt. For example: a person might do a good thing not for moral reasons, but for the rewards received for the act. Skinner believed that the mental process was irrelevant. To prove his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the â€Å" skinner box†. This was a small box with a lever mechanism inside that dispensed a food pellet when pressed. Many experiments were done using this box system, and in one of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a food pellet on every press of a lever ( condition A). In another condition ( condition B ) the rat was only rewarded with a food pellet only sometimes when pressing the lever. They found that rat B pressed the lever much more! Why was this? Because the lever pressing was only occasionally rewarded, it took longer to figure out that in no longer worked. Skinner believed that reinforcement is a key concept in behaviourism, that it increases the likelihood that an action will be repeated in the future, however, punishment on the other hand, will reduce the likelihood that an action will be repeated. For example: shouting at a child who is behaving in an irritating way, might in fact lead to the behaviour appearing more frequently. The shouting therefore, is seen as reinforcing( providing attention) rather that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestion of dogs, he found that laboratory dogs would salivate at the sight of a food dish, from this he reasoned that the dogs learned an association between the dog bowl and the food it usually contained. In behavioural terms the food ( the unconditioned stimulus or UCS) had been associated with the bowl ( the conditioned stimulus or CS) giving rise to the conditioned response or CR of the dog salivating at the sight of the bowl. In these terms the unconditioned response or UCR would be the dog salivating at the sight of food. In further experiments a bell was continually rung immediately before feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate whenever a bell was rung. After a period of conditioning, Pavlov discovered the dog would salivate at the sound of a bell even if no food was forthcoming, and by pairing the conditioned stimulus of the bell with a light, he could get the dog to salivate at the presentation of the light only, even though the light and the food had never been presented together. This type of conditioning demonstrates how readily behaviour will form predictive associations. This learnt behaviour was called classical conditioning. In terms of human behaviour classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviour such as a fear response, they can be elicited, meaning you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. Voluntary behaviours are those that cannot be made to happen, meaning that you cannot get those behaviours until someone carries them out. Behavioural approaches assume that what is learned may be unlearned, and explains why phobias tend to get worse as time goes on. When you meet you fear, your fear level rises (fight)and so does your level of adrenaline. If you avoid the fear ( flight) you will reduce the fear and your level of adrenaline. This is the connection between your fear and your response to it. The result from this is a maladaptive behaviour, often with an avoidance and a rise in anxiety levels, leading to stress and other ways of behaviour and coping strategies. Social learning theory is another approach to behaviourism of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, Brandura pointed out that much of what we learn is in the consequence of observation, indirect rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What are the behavioural approaches to therapy? Behavioural therapy concentrates on taking away the old responses or conditioning new ones, there are a number of techniques that can be used: * Systematic desensitisation ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo exposure ( experiences in reality) The way in which these techniques work is that it is difficult to feel two opposing states at the same time ie, relaxation and fear. The client will be coached in relaxation techniques and then encouraged to remain relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a mildly frightening situation, once able to do this, they will be encouraged to imagine themselves in a more slightly distressing situation and so on. * Flooding Flooding is a behavioural technique that relies on the idea that it is not possible to maintain a state of fear indefinitely. Flood therapy will expose the client to the fear / situation until their fear drops to normal, the idea that when released from that fear their fear level will drop to a normal and acceptable tolerance. * Selective reinforcement This is based on operant conditioning, and for example: in schools and at home any good behaviour is reinforced by means of reward. * Modelling This makes use of observational learning, the client will watch the therapist/teacher and copy what they do. This gives the opportunity to view adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * Cognitive behaviour This is another approach to psychology, the origin of the word â€Å" cognitive† comes from Latin, which means to â€Å"know and understand†. This perspective is directly linked with the internal mental processes of thought, such as memory, problem-solving, thinking and language. The cognitive psychological perspective is seen as a response to behaviourism because cognitive psychologists see humans as rational beings and not as programmed animals with no ability to think. The study of the mental processes is not observable, which does contrast with â€Å" traditional behaviourists ideas†, which is to study only observable ways. The focus of cognitive psychologists is the way the brain processes information ( stimuli) received ( input ) which leads to a certain behaviour ( output ). This process is often compared with the computer function, however this comparison is not too coherent because the human mind/brain, is far more advanced than a computer. Humanistic psychologists see this approach as cold because the cognitive psychologists ignore any emotions any individual may have, and may well prove everything in a way that is too clinical. All mental processes are investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive behaviour. (I apologize that i slightly went off track with the reference to the humanistic approach, but i felt it very relevant to compare a behavioural approach with the humanistic approaches such as Maslow and Rogers) There is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is caused by environmental events that cannot be controlled, and this has been criticised by other approaches for ignoring learning due to evolution. This can also be said about human behaviour and the relevance to food, diet and nutrition. It is a known fact certain foods have chemicals that do alter one’s behaviour, and in the day’s of food being tampered with and injected with growth hormones, one has to be aware of this. It is now at this point in the essay that i will turn to the view of the psychoanalytic one and their view to the behavioural approach in therapy. Psychoanalytic approach to behaviourism One thing that is certain, and that few textbooks of psychology ignore Freud and many are built around his theories† â€Å"Freud’s approach was as logical and his findings as carefully tested as Pavlovs† â€Å"The foundation of Freud’s method-psychic determination and the relentless logic of free association are scientific† â€Å"Freud’s method was to take everything anybody said at any time or place regardless of truth or falsity in terms of external reality to be used a s basic data in revealing the dynamics of the personality† â€Å"Freud devised a means of diagnosing man’s troubles, not of suppressing them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not well within the body† (Freud and the Post Freudians. J. A. C. Brown) Freud, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality in which the unconscious mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a new theory of psychodynamics. Freud’s theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a major challenge to behaviourism. Freud’s theory of personality was based on the assumption that all behaviour stems from the unconscious mind. He divided the personality into three different parts, that of the id, the ego and the super-ego, which Freud believed were often in conflict with each other. * The id operates on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification. * The ego obeys the reality principle and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us aware of our moral standards Freud believed that we all have a stream of psychic energy, he called this constant psychic energy the libido, reflecting that the sex drive was a primary life instinct. If this energy was suppressed, the energy would seek out another outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through several personality developmental stages in the early years of life. He called these stages the psychosexual stages. During each of these stages the pleasure seeking impulses of the id focus on a particular part of the body. The first year of life Freud called the oral stage, whereby babies derived pleasure from sucking and/or nursing. The second stage was termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. The next stage was the phallic stage where the child derived pleasure from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the child reached a conflict called the oedipal conflict , whereby Freud believed the anxiety caused was the basis of all later anxieties. The oedipal conflict resolved at the latency period, which lasted from the age of seven to twelve, and during this time children became less concerned with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and finally adolescence and puberty brought about the genital stage, which is the mature stage of adult sexuality. Freud placed much emphasis on child development believing that if the child at any given time was denied the gratification needed in each stage, then a maladaptive behaviour was to take place, for example: a man might be hostile towards his boss, an older co-worker, and all other â€Å"parent figures† in his life because he is unconsciously re-enacting childhood conflicts with an overprotective parent. The psychoanalyst would help the client recognise his hidden, pent up anger toward the parent, experience it, and trace how this unconscious source of continuing anger and the defences around it have been creating problems. (Psychology Bernstein) Freud believed that many clues to the unconscious lie in the constant stream of thoughts, feelings, memories and images experienced by all people. These clues can be uncovered and understood if the client relaxes defences that block or distort the stream of consciousness. Thus, one of the most basic techniques of psychoanalysis is free association, in which the client relaxes, often lying on a couch, reporting everything that comes to mind as soon as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing it may seem. Clues to the unconscious may appear in the way thoughts are linked, rather than in the thoughts themselves. For example: if the client stops talking or claim that their minds are blank, the psychoanalyst may suspect that unconscious defence mechanisms are keeping threatening material out of the consciousness. The interpretation of dreams is another one of Freud’s ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams express wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamer’s defences keep unconscious during waking hours. The psychoanalyst will look at the client’s thoughts and behaviours, and will help the client to become aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material behind them. The basic strategy is to construct accurate accounts of what has happened to the client ( but has been â€Å" forgotten†) and what is happening to the client ( but is not understood), and in this way help the client to see their maladaptive behaviour towards their life. â€Å"The psychodynamic approach emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression†( Psychology Bernstein) â€Å"The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, reflect constant and mostly unconscious struggles within each person. Usually these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes( for food, sex or aggression for example ) and the restrictions imposed by society. From this perspective, a display of violence ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the breakdown of civilizing defences against the expression of primitive urges â€Å"(Psychology Bernstein) â€Å" the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain insight into underlying problems, the symptoms created by those problems will disappear† ( Psychology Bernstein) Conclusion Although there are clear divisions in these two approaches, there is a case that the perspectives and the research, have contributed a great deal to understanding human behaviour. Therefore it is worth remembering that psychology is a dynamic science and new theories and experiments are conducted every day. As technology advances so does the field of psychology, and the study of human behaviour needs to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrated or whatever the approach that is being used. After all, we are all unique, and one cap certainly does not fit all! However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may require as many as three to five sessions per week, usually over several years the cost is of consideration both in private practice and within the national health system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES First steps in counselling Sanders 2010 Freud and the Post Freudians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psychology Third Edition Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994 Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Bbevaviour in Terms Behaviourism was first developed in the early 20th century by an American psychologist John B Watson, who at the time was working in the field of animal psychology. He believed that all behaviour was observable and therefore scientific, and worked on the principle and study of the association between a stimulus and response. Watson did not deny the existence of inner experiences, but insisted that they could not be studied because they were not observable ) Watson’s stimulus and response theory of psychology claimed that all complex forms of behaviour – emotions, habits etc – are seen as composed of simple muscular and glandular elements that can be observed and measured, and that emotional reactions are learned in much the same way. Watson aimed to prove his beliefs with laboratory experiments, and one of these experiments was known as â€Å" The Little Albert Experiment†. Little Albert was a small young boy of about 18 months of age , Young Albert would sit happily on the floor and play with a white rat. Young Albert did not like loud noises, and on the presentation of the rat, scientists would clang two metal rods together behind Young Albert’s head, which resulted in screaming from young Albert. The result of this â€Å" conditioning† experiment was that Albert came to associate the rat with fear, and on following presentations of the rat, young Albert displayed considerable fear. Around the turn of the 20th century, another American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in one experiment he placed a cat in a â€Å"puzzle box† and measured the time it took to escape. Over a number of trials, the time taken to escape decreased, and from this observation he developed the â€Å"law of (positive) effect†, which states that any behaviour leading to a positive outcome will tend to be repeated in similar circumstances. If we like the consequences of our actions then the actions are likely to be repeated, this ype of learning was known as operant conditioning . Thorndike’s work was developed by such behaviourist’s such as B. F. Skinner. Skinner approach to psychology was scientific, his views came from Darwin’s theories of evolution. Skinner focused on the environment as a cause for human behaviour, he did not think that people acted for moral reasons, believing they reacted in response to their environme nt. For example: a person might do a good thing not for moral reasons, but for the rewards received for the act. Skinner believed that the mental process was irrelevant. To prove his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the â€Å" skinner box†. This was a small box with a lever mechanism inside that dispensed a food pellet when pressed. Many experiments were done using this box system, and in one of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a food pellet on every press of a lever ( condition A). In another condition ( condition B ) the rat was only rewarded with a food pellet only sometimes when pressing the lever. They found that rat B pressed the lever much more! Why was this? Because the lever pressing was only occasionally rewarded, it took longer to figure out that in no longer worked. Skinner believed that reinforcement is a key concept in behaviourism, that it increases the likelihood that an action will be repeated in the future, however, punishment on the other hand, will reduce the likelihood that an action will be repeated. For example: shouting at a child who is behaving in an irritating way, might in fact lead to the behaviour appearing more frequently. The shouting therefore, is seen as reinforcing( providing attention) rather that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestion of dogs, he found that laboratory dogs would salivate at the sight of a food dish, from this he reasoned that the dogs learned an association between the dog bowl and the food it usually contained. In behavioural terms the food ( the unconditioned stimulus or UCS) had been associated with the bowl ( the conditioned stimulus or CS) giving rise to the conditioned response or CR of the dog salivating at the sight of the bowl. In these terms the unconditioned response or UCR would be the dog salivating at the sight of food. In further experiments a bell was continually rung immediately before feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate whenever a bell was rung. After a period of conditioning, Pavlov discovered the dog would salivate at the sound of a bell even if no food was forthcoming, and by pairing the conditioned stimulus of the bell with a light, he could get the dog to salivate at the presentation of the light only, even though the light and the food had never been presented together. This type of conditioning demonstrates how readily behaviour will form predictive associations. This learnt behaviour was called classical conditioning. In terms of human behaviour classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviour such as a fear response, they can be elicited, meaning you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. Voluntary behaviours are those that cannot be made to happen, meaning that you cannot get those behaviours until someone carries them out. Behavioural approaches assume that what is learned may be unlearned, and explains why phobias tend to get worse as time goes on. When you meet you fear, your fear level rises (fight)and so does your level of adrenaline. If you avoid the fear ( flight) you will reduce the fear and your level of adrenaline. This is the connection between your fear and your response to it. The result from this is a maladaptive behaviour, often with an avoidance and a rise in anxiety levels, leading to stress and other ways of behaviour and coping strategies. Social learning theory is another approach to behaviourism of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling behaviours, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others, Brandura pointed out that much of what we learn is in the consequence of observation, indirect rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What are the behavioural approaches to therapy? Behavioural therapy concentrates on taking away the old responses or conditioning new ones, there are a number of techniques that can be used: * Systematic desensitisation ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo exposure ( experiences in reality) The way in which these techniques work is that it is difficult to feel two opposing states at the same time ie, relaxation and fear. The client will be coached in relaxation techniques and then encouraged to remain relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a mildly frightening situation, once able to do this, they will be encouraged to imagine themselves in a more slightly distressing situation and so on. * Flooding Flooding is a behavioural technique that relies on the idea that it is not possible to maintain a state of fear indefinitely. Flood therapy will expose the client to the fear / situation until their fear drops to normal, the idea that when released from that fear their fear level will drop to a normal and acceptable tolerance. * Selective reinforcement This is based on operant conditioning, and for example: in schools and at home any good behaviour is reinforced by means of reward. * Modelling This makes use of observational learning, the client will watch the therapist/teacher and copy what they do. This gives the opportunity to view adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * Cognitive behaviour This is another approach to psychology, the origin of the word â€Å" cognitive† comes from Latin, which means to â€Å"know and understand†. This perspective is directly linked with the internal mental processes of thought, such as memory, problem-solving, thinking and language. The cognitive psychological perspective is seen as a response to behaviourism because cognitive psychologists see humans as rational beings and not as programmed animals with no ability to think. The study of the mental processes is not observable, which does contrast with â€Å" traditional behaviourists ideas†, which is to study only observable ways. The focus of cognitive psychologists is the way the brain processes information ( stimuli) received ( input ) which leads to a certain behaviour ( output ). This process is often compared with the computer function, however this comparison is not too coherent because the human mind/brain, is far more advanced than a computer. Humanistic psychologists see this approach as cold because the cognitive psychologists ignore any emotions any individual may have, and may well prove everything in a way that is too clinical. All mental processes are investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive behaviour. (I apologize that i slightly went off track with the reference to the humanistic approach, but i felt it very relevant to compare a behavioural approach with the humanistic approaches such as Maslow and Rogers) There is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is caused by environmental events that cannot be controlled, and this has been criticised by other approaches for ignoring learning due to evolution. This can also be said about human behaviour and the relevance to food, diet and nutrition. It is a known fact certain foods have chemicals that do alter one’s behaviour, and in the day’s of food being tampered with and injected with growth hormones, one has to be aware of this. It is now at this point in the essay that i will turn to the view of the psychoanalytic one and their view to the behavioural approach in therapy. Psychoanalytic approach to behaviourism One thing that is certain, and that few textbooks of psychology ignore Freud and many are built around his theories† â€Å"Freud’s approach was as logical and his findings as carefully tested as Pavlovs† â€Å"The foundation of Freud’s method-psychic determination and the relentless logic of free association are scientific† â€Å"Freud’s method was to take everything anybody said at any time or place regardless of truth or falsity in terms of external reality to be used a s basic data in revealing the dynamics of the personality† â€Å"Freud devised a means of diagnosing man’s troubles, not of suppressing them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not well within the body† (Freud and the Post Freudians. J. A. C. Brown) Freud, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality in which the unconscious mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a new theory of psychodynamics. Freud’s theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a major challenge to behaviourism. Freud’s theory of personality was based on the assumption that all behaviour stems from the unconscious mind. He divided the personality into three different parts, that of the id, the ego and the super-ego, which Freud believed were often in conflict with each other. * The id operates on the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification. * The ego obeys the reality principle and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us aware of our moral standards Freud believed that we all have a stream of psychic energy, he called this constant psychic energy the libido, reflecting that the sex drive was a primary life instinct. If this energy was suppressed, the energy would seek out another outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through several personality developmental stages in the early years of life. He called these stages the psychosexual stages. During each of these stages the pleasure seeking impulses of the id focus on a particular part of the body. The first year of life Freud called the oral stage, whereby babies derived pleasure from sucking and/or nursing. The second stage was termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. The next stage was the phallic stage where the child derived pleasure from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the child reached a conflict called the oedipal conflict , whereby Freud believed the anxiety caused was the basis of all later anxieties. The oedipal conflict resolved at the latency period, which lasted from the age of seven to twelve, and during this time children became less concerned with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and finally adolescence and puberty brought about the genital stage, which is the mature stage of adult sexuality. Freud placed much emphasis on child development believing that if the child at any given time was denied the gratification needed in each stage, then a maladaptive behaviour was to take place, for example: a man might be hostile towards his boss, an older co-worker, and all other â€Å"parent figures† in his life because he is unconsciously re-enacting childhood conflicts with an overprotective parent. The psychoanalyst would help the client recognise his hidden, pent up anger toward the parent, experience it, and trace how this unconscious source of continuing anger and the defences around it have been creating problems. (Psychology Bernstein) Freud believed that many clues to the unconscious lie in the constant stream of thoughts, feelings, memories and images experienced by all people. These clues can be uncovered and understood if the client relaxes defences that block or distort the stream of consciousness. Thus, one of the most basic techniques of psychoanalysis is free association, in which the client relaxes, often lying on a couch, reporting everything that comes to mind as soon as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing it may seem. Clues to the unconscious may appear in the way thoughts are linked, rather than in the thoughts themselves. For example: if the client stops talking or claim that their minds are blank, the psychoanalyst may suspect that unconscious defence mechanisms are keeping threatening material out of the consciousness. The interpretation of dreams is another one of Freud’s ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams express wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamer’s defences keep unconscious during waking hours. The psychoanalyst will look at the client’s thoughts and behaviours, and will help the client to become aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material behind them. The basic strategy is to construct accurate accounts of what has happened to the client ( but has been â€Å" forgotten†) and what is happening to the client ( but is not understood), and in this way help the client to see their maladaptive behaviour towards their life. â€Å"The psychodynamic approach emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression†( Psychology Bernstein) â€Å"The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, reflect constant and mostly unconscious struggles within each person. Usually these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes( for food, sex or aggression for example ) and the restrictions imposed by society. From this perspective, a display of violence ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the breakdown of civilizing defences against the expression of primitive urges â€Å"(Psychology Bernstein) â€Å" the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain insight into underlying problems, the symptoms created by those problems will disappear† ( Psychology Bernstein) Conclusion Although there are clear divisions in these two approaches, there is a case that the perspectives and the research, have contributed a great deal to understanding human behaviour. Therefore it is worth remembering that psychology is a dynamic science and new theories and experiments are conducted every day. As technology advances so does the field of psychology, and the study of human behaviour needs to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrated or whatever the approach that is being used. After all, we are all unique, and one cap certainly does not fit all! However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may require as many as three to five sessions per week, usually over several years the cost is of consideration both in private practice and within the national health system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES First steps in counselling Sanders 2010 Freud and the Post Freudians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psychology Third Edition Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994

Hunter College Dance Program Student Concert program C Essay

Hunter College Dance Program Student Concert program C - Essay Example The role of the audience is to be critical of the dances in order to comprehend the artistic influences in the dance and to encourage and critique the performers to facilitate the development of the performers(Minton, 74). The rationale for the concert is to facilitate an interaction between the performers and the audience. The reason for the choreography was to serve as a guide for aspiring artists on how to handle a real life situation. The concert provides the dancers with a platform to present their creativity to the audience in order to learn how to perfect technique, style and execution (Minton, 48). The audience is watching in order to experience the artistry, which is present among the students at the collage. This offers the audience with an opportunity to comment on the pieces. The audience is also watching for entertainment through the music and choreography, which characterizes the concert. There is a definite relationship between the audience and the performers. This is essential in order to facilitate both parties to experience the different emotions and messages which are evident in a performance. However, in this scenario, the performer is the source of the content the audience will respond to during the choreography (Minton, 74). This means that the choreographer leads the audience through this artistic journey. The audience has to interpret the message in the dance in order to comprehend the artistic message being passed by the choreographers. This was evident in several performances especially in the choreography Not my Chains, Choreographed by Elana Jaroff whereby the choreographer elicited the feel of freedom. Music was an essential element in the performances. This is because it provided the rhythm for the performers to express their artistry. The choreographers used music, which complemented

Understanding of English 200 course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding of English 200 course - Essay Example Understanding of English 200 course In a more coherent and well argued out basis, this paper aims at reflecting upon my learning as an English 200 student, and to subsequently put into focus the various English knowledge and related works. For the purposes of this significant analysis, I will put my arguments within the scope of the English 200 syllabus. Within the larger description, English 200 is suitable designed to help students write for a variety of purposes that cuts across various English genres, including research essay and theoretical analysis. While interacting with the course content and course material, many emphases placed to rhetorical challenges in knowledge generation from literary materials and texts and for such I undertook personal and well researched literary essays to demonstrate my understanding of the subject matter. Of importance, my original literary compositions and analysis identified as The Ceremony, Curiosity killed the cat, The Mirror, and a critique of the famous play by Sophocles entit led, Antigone. From the onset of my English classes, I have always been a critical thinker; my subsequent and regular interaction with the right course content and materials in English 200 class has further improved my analytical skills as a critical thinker when examining literary texts. My desire for knowledge acquisition in English 200 influenced more as I constantly look at the ‘why’ platform of an author’s literary text rather than just focusing on the author’s literal meaning as depicted in the text. ... equent and regular interaction with the right course content and materials in English 200 class has further improved my analytical skills as a critical thinker when examining literary texts. My desire for knowledge acquisition in English 200 influenced more as I constantly look at the ‘why’ platform of an author’s literary text rather than just focusing on the author’s literal meaning as depicted in the text. Subsequently, my exposure to rhetorical literary analysis, essay research, close reading, critical analysis, and to a larger extent creative thinking have enabled me to gain insightful rich knowledge into different writing styles such that am able to continuously and with much ease create a sustained arguments in any given literary text for a harmonious understanding of any literary text. Moving in a progressive manner throughout the English 200 class in literary analysis from presenting simple facts to building a sustained argument of the various lite rary components and intentions within various literary complexities, I have indeed expanded my reasoning faculties and mental abilities. At the earlier inception stages of this course, I undertake an in depth and informative discussions concerning critical literary analysis. This whole learning process proceeded through critical essay composition, related theories, pedagogical writing of the critique essay, group discussions, and conference presentations of literary review process. At the end, I submitted a well-researched paper on Antigone with special emphasis on 442BC classic writing. Within this literary analysis, deliberate efforts made in connecting the literary intentions of the earlier literary writing to a modern audience while unearthing the intentions of Sophocles in discussing kinship and family

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Navigation app for iOS - Literature review Example This framework is designed to work with the newly introduced M7 coprocessor that is dedicated to handle motion sensors without reducing the battery performance of the device. It gives the developers accurate data about the users, which they can later make use of in their applications. For example, a developer can find out whether the device is currently with an individual who is in the act of walking, or with someone who is travelling in an automobile etc, without actually processing the accelerometer’s data. Core Motion Framework provides answers to such questions through constants defined by the classes of framework. â€Å"Now Core Motion has been around since iOS 4.0, but the iOS 7 includes the new classes needed to access data from the M7. The two main classes used here are CM Motion Activity Manager and CM Motion Activity. These two classes work hand in hand to make work the motion activity updates† (Graves 2014: 1). Most iPhones contain an accelerometer and 3 axes Gyroscope built into them, which provide the device with 6 operational axes when used together. This axis data and motion data populated by the M7 co processor could be used along with Map kit or any other third party Map API to create great navigation apps. The gyroscope data as well as gravity sensor data are also used for building motion sensitive gaming-applications. Various class references of Core Motion framework include â€Å"CMAttitude, CMAccelerometerData, CMDeviceMotion, CMGyroData, CMLogItem, CMMagnetometerData, and CMMotionManager† (Aguinaga 2013: 9). The Map Kit framework is used for embedding custom maps into iOS application windows. The 5.1 version and the previous ones basically made use of Google Maps API for displaying the maps through the MapKit framework. â€Å"This framework also provides support for annotating the map, adding overlays, and performing reverse-geocoding lookups to determine placemark information for a given map

Disscuss the relevance of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to a Essay - 2

Disscuss the relevance of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to a company seeking to evaluate its cost of capital - Essay Example (Burton, 1998) The CAPM had its origin from the model of portfolio choice developed by Harry Markowitz. In the model, an investor is assumed to decide on the investment portfolio at time t-1 with an expected return at time t. Since the investors are assumed to be risk averse, the data that they care about are the mean and the variance of their one period investment return. â€Å"As a result, investors choose â€Å"mean-variance-efficient† portfolios, in the sense that the portfolios: 1) minimize the variance of portfolio return, given expected return, and 2) maximize expected return, given variance. Thus, the Markowitz approach is often called a â€Å"mean-variance model† (Eugene F. Fama). This figure gives a clear picture of the CAPM. Its horizontal axis shows the portfolio risk which is measure by the standard deviation of portfolio return. Its vertical axis is the expected return. The curve is the minimum variance frontier which â€Å"traces the combination of expected return and variance at different levels of expected return† (Eugene F. Fama). This shows the obvious trade-off between risk and expected return. â€Å"At point T, the investor can have an intermediate expected return with lower volatility. If there is no risk free borrowing or lending, only portfolios above b along abc are mean-variance-efficient, since these portfolios also maximize expected return, given their return variances† (Eugene F. Fama). EM applications. (2009). Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Emapplications.com. Available from; [November 16,

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Visual Analysis for Art Humanities - Term Paper Example For instance, comprehension is improved greatly. It becomes more insightful and many people become interested in the message passed across1. A glance a clear visual analysis at the pieces of works by Pieter Bruegel, harvesters clearly portrays the plights of an ordinary or common man. The fact is, this is a true reflection of what happens world over, however much it may face suppression to suit the current humanism. This is so due to two possible reasons; either due to forced labour from the purported land owners or masters or by the circumstantial life challenges which includes economic constraints. Whatever the reason, it shows a basketful of challenges facing the ordinary man who has to struggle too much in order to survive and fit in the society. From the harvesters’ case, there is farming which is of a great thematic concern. It is natural to perform such duties as farming and this accords accreditation from both the traditional and supernatural commands. However, there is something very sceptical about this call. This is toil and it is supported by the individuals portrayed as exhausted and possibly taken away by a light nap. Others slightly off duty do so at the behest of the call of nature and that is for them to have a bite to keep them moving on. It shows that the struggles undergone by these so called farmers in order to get bountiful harvest; not in the sense of the word is excess. However much it may seem of a picnic, it depicts the realities of nature. That is, it makes the whole idea very natural, the time setting being appropriately manipulated. The terrain displays a beautiful landscape and the motivation exhibited by individual persons in the drawings is very real. There is nothing more appealing to the eye as a natural setting. The landscape shown in the drawing is ideal and is immensely handy in the art industry. Naturalness has brought more delight in the work of Pieter. It can be noted that the

Illegal P2P File Sharing on Institutions of Higher Learning Research Paper

Illegal P2P File Sharing on Institutions of Higher Learning - Research Paper Example Facilitating parties such as P2P providers have been held secondarily liable for the infringing activities too. Institutions of higher learning such as colleges and universities have been targeted by the efforts of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to eradicate illegal file sharing rampant among students (Tanaka 22). Even though Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) limits the level of liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) who may provide internet connection to infringing user of P2P file sharing, RIAA argues that there is a special relationship between college networks (ISPs) and their students different from that commercial ISPs have with their customers. This is aimed at increasing the liability which colleges carry from infringing activities of students (Varian 48). There is a possibility of high financial and academic cost of restriction of P2P file sharing in campuses. The following paper explorers the solutions to illegal P2P file sharing activiti es in colleges. 2. Response to Illegal P2P File Sharing by the Music Industry Mora than 50% of college students download music illegally. In the year 2010, 1.6 billion illegal music downloads were associated with students of higher learning. Such statistics are the reason why RIAA decided to concentrate on deterring illegal P2P file sharing in college. ... of the music industry, has also introduced an education bill which ensures that colleges follow certain guidelines aimed at eradicating illegal music downloads. If these institutions fail to comply with such procedures, they risk losing all or part of federal fund assistance. According to Gopal, Sudip and Lawrence (81), â€Å"the procedures in the education bill include; (1) make college policies regarding illegal downloading and distribution of other copyrighted material publicly available for all students and employees, and (2) develop a plan to offer alternatives to illegal downloading as well as offer â€Å"technology-based deterrents† to prevent illegal activity.† 3. Relationship between College and Students The relationship between colleges and their students can be said to be special. This is because colleges have a high tendency and ability to control actions of their students. This is possible through provision of resources such as security, food and sometimes housing (Gallaway & Douglas 37). Even though majority of student are adults in their own capacity, they remain under rules and regulations designed by colleges to control the conduct of students. With this fact, college-student relations are special and can therefore warrant a duty on the college to monitor their internet networks and make efforts toward reduction or minimization of infringing activities such as illegal music downloading (Castells 77). From the argument that colleges have a great impact on the structure of a student’s life by providing them with food, housing, security and controlling their activities through rules and regulations, colleges can be said to have a special relationship with their students. This relationship is justified by comparing it to that of a parent and a child.

Financial circumstances Essay Example for Free

Financial circumstances Essay The company was a well growing established retailer industry in the market, how ever due to the scandal charges against Wickes. This caused a lot damage to company itself, it gave Wickes a bad status in the market and also they were black listed which meant that the company had a poor financial history so therefore in the future they will be refused on credit products and any other kind of financial circumstances. On the same day the company got black listed which was on the 25th June 1996, the announcement of the scandal was exposed to the public. The announcement of the scandal instantaneously affected the companys market value to 150 million pound and the stock was suspended from London market trading. So in order for Wickes to operate the business back to the way it was they refurbished its corporate management and also made emends with any shareholders and suppliers they had. This took the company a good two years of hard development. Bye the end of 1998 the companys profits increased by 653 million pound so therefore sales rise by 27%. They instituted three new stores and redesigned locations to include ornamental and garden commodities. The fraud scandal could have been preventable in many ways, Wickes became aware of this incident when scandal exteriors and auditors thoroughly checked the books and notice the major extensive changes. How ever this could have been notice at an early stage. Wickes could carry out monthly or yearly check ups on transactions account to notice any changes or misappropriate mistakes occurred in the business. Wickes could employee internal audit; internal audit will improve the function of the organisation and consulting action which will be intended to add value to the business, along side meeting the companys objectives. The organisations objectives will be achieved by bringing an efficient approach to evaluate and develop the efficiency of risk management, control and governance processes. Although to bring in an internal audit to check the operation of the business yearly will be expensive. In my opinion I personally think that Wickes will be able to pay for the expense of an internal audit as they are a fast established business which creates good profit. This will be beneficial for the business as a whole. Another suggestion to prevent the scandal could be to have good ethics and standards in place. The following charges which were made on the defendant were producing false statement and giving false information to the auditor (Arthur Andersen), so therefore Wickes could locate a system which contains a principle of governing morality and acceptable conduct. They could do this by producing a code of ethics which all the employees will have to fallow and can not be broken. Therefore the company will have strict rules and have control over their employees. This will help the business to be safe and prevent employee misbehaviour. An additional idea is to direct different position to different individuals; Henry Sweetbaum was the companys former chairman and chief executive. So therefore Wickes could have given two individuals them to positions instead of just giving it to one individual. If they were two individuals directed for them positions then they would have had an inter link with one another jobs and would have been aware of what each one is undertaking. So therefore I personally think that the incident of the scandal would have occurred earlier than later if the former chairman and chief executive roles were given to two individual instead of just one. In conclusion I personally think that the fraud scandal which arose in 1996 for Wickes was a huge turn around for the company and now due to this incident they will be more careful now in the future. Wickes will be more alert and aware of how to minimise the risks and the prospect which occur in a scandal. Referencing  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1996/10/17/cwick17.html

Side Effects of Computer Addiction

Side Effects of Computer Addiction Computer Addiction: Side Effects and Possible Solutions Since 1979 when the first microcomputer started coming to the United States and Great Britain there has been a very extensive growth in the areas of computers and drugs. The simultaneity of these two occurrences and the scales of peoples involvement with computers gave way to emergence of the term ‘computer addiction in the early 1980s. The word ‘addiction stands to emphasize the seriousness of the problem and implies the possibility of drastic consequences that computer mania might have. In the current paper we will explore the problem of computer addiction with the emphasis made on its bad effects and possible solutions that might be offered to reduce them to minimum or, if possible, to get rid of computer addiction at all. Our claim is that computer addiction exists, humanity needs to be extremely cautious of its bad effects and it has to work out appropriate treatment to help computer dependent people to solve their problems. The reality of modern life is such that personal computers and Internet access have been proliferating across the world. Everyday activities at home, work, and school are increasingly dependent upon computers. Computers are used to organize data, word process documents, send e-mails, and search for new information via the Internet. Between 9 and 15 million people use the Internet daily, and it is estimated that every 3 months the rate of use increases by 25% (Cooper 181). Through Internet computer becomes a useful tool for communication. No one would deny the importance of computer in modern life and the importance of Internet, in particular, but their properties that promote addictive behaviors and in case of Internet pseudo-intimate interpersonal relationships should not be neglected. Cyberspace that computers and Internet create may result in cyber disorders such as virtual relationships that evolve into online marital infidelity or online sexually compulsive behaviors. An increa sing mental health concern, cyber disorders such as Internet addiction disorder (IAD), also known as pathologic Internet use (PIU) have been identified to diagnose serious issues related to Internet use (Young Rogers 25). The side effects of Internet addiction will be discussed below, whereas at the beginning the general considerations as for the term ‘computer addiction are offered. In the doctoral research concerned with computer dependency Margaret Shotton suggests that the term ‘computer addiction should not be used merely concerning the relatively small proportion of computer users who become intensive computer devotees, but, instead, it should stand to denote ‘the state of being given to a habit or pursuit (Shotton 7). The researcher defines a computer dependent person as a hobbyist, ‘a person devoted to a hobby (sometimes used with a connotation of crankiness), where hobby denotes ‘a favorite occupation pursued merely for amusement or an individual pursuit to which a person is devoted out of proportion to its real importance (Shotton 7). One of the values of Shottons research is that the author conducts investigation that proves existence of computer dependency through obtaining the facts of this existence from a number of sources, namely, existing literature on the problem, the authors of the literature and other psychologists, computer studies teachers, and professional care agencies. Personal contact was made with people who worked with computers and average computer users. They all showed belief in the occurrence of the syndrome of computer dependency. Though the respondents did not consider the syndrome to be a widespread problem believing that it affected only a few individuals among the vast number of computer users but the research still confirmed the existence of the syndrome of computer dependency (Shotton 20). Dr. Maressa Hecht Orzack, the founder and coordinator of the Computer Addiction Service, singles out psychological and physical symptoms of computer addiction. Psychological symptoms are: Having a sense of well-being or euphoria while at the computer; Inability to stop the activity; Craving more and more time at the computer; Neglect of family and friends; Feeling empty, depressed, and irritable when not at the computer; Lying to employers and family about activities; Problems with family and friends (Orzack 2003). Physical symptoms are: Carpal tunnel syndrome; Dry eyes; Migraine headaches; Backaches; Eating irregularities like skipping meals; Failure to attend to personal hygiene; Sleep disturbances, change in sleep pattern (Orzack 2003). Coming back to Shottons experiment with studying the side effects of computer addiction we should say that all these symptoms were observed with the interviewees. Though most of the dependents did not want to admit their addiction some did admit that they experienced negative effects from their activities. Some interviewees spoke of the negative effects that their computer addiction had on their employment. One person admitted that in the past he had spent time playing with the computer while he was at work. But the addiction disappeared when he bought his own home microcomputer upon which he had unrestricted access to program as he wished. Another interviewee admitted that it was difficult for him to concentrate at work, instead of handling the problems that appeared he found himself puzzling over computer problems which he could explore only while at home. This turned out to be especially problematic when he was cycling home from work as not once he had nearly ridden into parked ve hicles. The third interviewee spoke of the problems that occurred because of a poor match between his skills and those demanded by his bosses. He was responsible for management activity and could not perform it well because he spent a lot of his working time directly with the computer instead of working with people. What is important is that a lot of interviewees appeared to be reluctant to change their job positions just to remain in the posts that presupposed the frequent use of computers. If, on the contrary, promotion implied more time at computing interviewees spent more hours at work that caused in their intercourse with friends and families. Students of different age admitted that their academic performance suffered because of their devotion to computing. ‘My school work suffers, ‘It was an impediment to my degree, I should have been reading books, ‘It detracts from my schoolwork, ‘I did very poorly at university in the first two years it was detrimental to my coursework and I nearly got thrown out for hacking into the universitys Prime system were the most common answers of those who realized that they were achieving lower standards academically (Shotton 212). But along with these statements the students showed their certainty about the fact that they were more likely to find jobs related to computing than to the spheres they were prepared for at their educational establishments, due to constant work at computer they felt confident in this sphere. As it was mentioned above social lives of computer addicts are also affected. Computers take much of the dependents free time and, as a result, less time is spent communicating with others. Moreover, different misunderstanding appears on the basis of absence of the common interest to computing in case friends and members of the family do not share the interest in computers. Many respondents from Shottons research admitted that they found computing an escape from social interaction: they found it stressful in the past and computer enabled them to get rid of the undesired communication. Working on computer was a common excuse in case the dependants did not want to attend various social activities. Computer mania affected most of all those addicts who were married as they spent less time with their spouses and children. Domestic disharmony, problems in sexual relationships these were the commonest negative effects of computer addiction on a family scale (Shotton 213). Other side effects include those that computers have on the personalities of the dependents. People addicted to computers tend to be more intolerant and impatient with others. Computer becomes a sort of refuge from the real life for them and they become more reserved and restrained. Sometimes a computer dependent person loses interest in the world around and does not even care of ones personal happiness, this person sees computer as the only ‘creature in the world that can understand him or her. The negative physical effects that computer addiction can cause include restlessness, sleeplessness, tension, headache and backache. If computer dependents suffer from some disease the disease worsens while constant working on computer. As far as the problem of computer addiction is concerned Internet addiction deserves especial consideration. Different terms are used to denote this kind of computer addiction: pathological Internet use or problematic Internet use. An Internet addicted person loses the ability to control ones use of the Internet. This lack of control causes marked distress and/or functional impairment (Shapira et al. 270). The addiction may go along with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder or alcohol and drug addiction. The most obvious symptoms of Internet addiction include social isolation, family discord, divorce, academic failure, job loss, and debt (Young et al. 475). Other symptoms are: neglecting responsibilities, feelings of depression, tension, anger when Internet is not accessible, a need for better computer programs, etc. There are five Internet-related issues that Internet addiction is composed of: cybersexual addiction, cyber relationship addiction, net compulsions, information overload, and addiction to interactive computer games (Young et al. 476). Side effects of Internet addiction of any type are the same as the ones of computer addiction in general. It influences negatively relationship within families, the members of which believe that they mean nothing to their relative as he or she spends hours sitting in front of the computer. Internet addiction might bring serious financial problems as the habit does not only require some financial provision but it leads to neglecting responsibilities by the dependent that, in turn, may lead to loose of job due to poor performance. Treatment options to computer addiction include: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. It is based on Becks (1976) theory that thoughts determine feelings. The theory encourages the dependent to recognize thoughts and feelings causing him/her to inappropriately use the computer to meet personal needs (Orzack, 1999 15). This is achieved through the following stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, and termination. In the first stage the dependent does not recognize the problem that he or she has and, therefore, does not want to change anything. Thus, the therapists task at this stage is to help the patient understand that the problem exists and help him/her realize the necessity of solving it. In the second stage the individual recognizes the need for change but still does not have a substantial desire to change something. In the preparation stage, the individual is ready to establish a plan to address the problem. The dependent person realizes that he or she needs to establish control over computer use by setting time limits. The person seeks for other activities that can be done when the urge to use the computer exists. The maintenance stage begins when the dependent learns to control ones computer use. The goal of this phase is to prevent relapse. The final stage, termination, occurs when the individual has no more desire to overuse the computer. During the treatment the therapists task is to support the dependent in every stage encouraging his or her entering another stage (Wieland 153). Psychopharmacology. It is aimed at treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other anxiety disorders that computer addiction goes along with. Addictions Treatment and Self-Help Groups. The treatment is organized by special addiction services like the Center for Online Addiction, the Institute for Addiction Recovery at Proctor Hospital in Peoria, the Computer Addiction Services at McLean Hospital in Belmont, The National Council on Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, etc. Solutions to computer addition may include keeping oneself busy by involvement into work irrelevant to the work of computer. Hobbies become of much importance when there is a desire to get rid or computer dependency. Psychotherapy, marital counseling, addition counseling, parent counseling, social skills training are among the solutions available. Though they are applicable depending on this or that particular case, the use of them in complex is also rather beneficial for the dependent if appropriately organized and controlled. Thus, the paper defined computer and Internet addiction, showed their side effects and offered the most effective ways of solving the problem. Though the solutions proposed are rather helpful, it is a computer users responsibility not to become a computer addict. Personal control over the use of control is required not to become a compute/Internet addict. Works Cited Cooper, A. 1999, ‘Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the new millennium, CyberPsychology and Behavior, no. 1, pp. 181-187. Lamberg, L. 1999, ‘Computers enter mainstream psychiatry, Journal of the American Medical Association, no. 278, pp. 799-801. Orzack, M. 1999, ‘How to recognize and treat computer addictions, Directions, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 13-20. Orzack, M. H. 2003, ‘Computer addiction services, Available at: http://www.computeraddiction.com Shapira, N. et al. 2000, ‘Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic Internet use, Journal of Affective Disorders, no. 57, pp. 267-272. Shotton, M. A. 1989, Computer Addiction? A Study of Computer Dependency, London, Taylor Francis. Wieland, D. M. 2005, ‘Computer addiction: Implications for nursing psychotherapy practice, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 153. Young, K. 1998, Caught in the Net, New York, Wiley. Young, K. et al. 1999, ‘Cyber disorders: The mental health concern for the new millennium, CyberPsychology and Behavior, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 475-479. Young, K., Rogers, R. 1998, ‘The relationship between depression and Internet addiction, CyberPsychology and Behavior, vol.1, no. 1, pp. 25-28.

Global Threat Assessment Essay -- Global Threat Intelligence

I. Introduction The United States is in an era where technology is advancing at a quicker pace than the education of society and its users can understand. This is a problem because the economic woes and critical infrastructures are included in every aspect of this fast paced evolution of technology. Threat topics will be discussed using multiple sources from the Internet and online library. An additional main source will be pulled directly from reports from the Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper. Discussions will Start with what a threat is and how a threat is assigned into categories; then moving to a discussion about the global threat landscape and which areas are critical to the United States shall be talked about along with what is necessary for the United States to keep up with the rapid pace of growth. At the top of the U.S. intelligence community’s 2013 assessment of global threats is cyber, followed by terrorism and transnational organized crime, weapons of mass destruction proliferation, counterintelligence and space activities, insecurity and competition for natural resources, health and pandemic threats, and mass atrocities ("Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community’s 2013 Global Threat Assessment", n.d., p. xx-xx). Another topic that shall be discussed is critical infrastructure requirements and how cyber security is an important aspect in the planning and maintenance. Further discussion will identify what state and non-state actors are and which state and non-state actors threaten the United States. With this information, a conclusion on how these global threats affect how the policy makers try to defend the United States from these types of global threats. II. Whic... ...forcement, and Federal Protective Service. Policy makers are responsible for performing a never ending task of adapting to the global threats and how they pertain to critical infrastructure in the United States. Works Cited 2013 Global Threat Intelligence | Solutionary Press Release. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solutionary.com/news-events/press-releases/2013/03/2013-global-threat-intelligence/ Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community?s 2013 Global Threat Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119776 Top 7 developments in the global threat landscape - CXOtoday.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cxotoday.com/story/top-7-developments-in-the-global-threat-landscape/ USA Patriot Act of 2001. (2001, Oct. 26). Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf Global Threat Assessment Essay -- Global Threat Intelligence I. Introduction The United States is in an era where technology is advancing at a quicker pace than the education of society and its users can understand. This is a problem because the economic woes and critical infrastructures are included in every aspect of this fast paced evolution of technology. Threat topics will be discussed using multiple sources from the Internet and online library. An additional main source will be pulled directly from reports from the Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper. Discussions will Start with what a threat is and how a threat is assigned into categories; then moving to a discussion about the global threat landscape and which areas are critical to the United States shall be talked about along with what is necessary for the United States to keep up with the rapid pace of growth. At the top of the U.S. intelligence community’s 2013 assessment of global threats is cyber, followed by terrorism and transnational organized crime, weapons of mass destruction proliferation, counterintelligence and space activities, insecurity and competition for natural resources, health and pandemic threats, and mass atrocities ("Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community’s 2013 Global Threat Assessment", n.d., p. xx-xx). Another topic that shall be discussed is critical infrastructure requirements and how cyber security is an important aspect in the planning and maintenance. Further discussion will identify what state and non-state actors are and which state and non-state actors threaten the United States. With this information, a conclusion on how these global threats affect how the policy makers try to defend the United States from these types of global threats. II. Whic... ...forcement, and Federal Protective Service. Policy makers are responsible for performing a never ending task of adapting to the global threats and how they pertain to critical infrastructure in the United States. Works Cited 2013 Global Threat Intelligence | Solutionary Press Release. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solutionary.com/news-events/press-releases/2013/03/2013-global-threat-intelligence/ Defense.gov News Article: Cyber Tops Intel Community?s 2013 Global Threat Assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119776 Top 7 developments in the global threat landscape - CXOtoday.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cxotoday.com/story/top-7-developments-in-the-global-threat-landscape/ USA Patriot Act of 2001. (2001, Oct. 26). Retrieved from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/pdf/PLAW-107publ56.pdf

Neaera the Great: An Explication of One Woman’s Movement to Power :: Creative Writing Essays

Preface Though we are discussing ancient times, this paper is not traditional academic work. The subject (and I mean that in more ways than one) of my focus is a woman named Neaera who is placed on trial for proclaiming herself and her children as citizens of Athens, even though she is widely viewed as a prostitute of foreign birth. My central contention throughout this discussion is that she is a woman of extraordinary courage and to an incredible degree, takes control over her circumstances and makes powerful choices. In tune with this description, I choose to write in a style that accurately reflects the reverence that I hold for Neaera. Rather than an analytical exchange of observation, I intentionally take the tone of someone who is much like a boxing promoter. I place myself firmly in Neaera’s corner and instead of articulating her greatness through the shadowy form of a third person who remains academically objective and unattached, I take a direct stand for he r as a praiseworthy historical figure. To this end, I write from the first person with the motive to reveal and uplift Neaera’s impressiveness and I adopt a general manner of speech atypical to academic language. Additionally, I use of myriad of persuasive methods that are relatively uncommon and I do so because, fundamentally, Neaera is an uncommon and atypical character. In light of this revelation, the least that I can do is to make sure that my form and content align as a means of writing a paper that is outside of the norm in order to honor a woman who consistently chose her own way. In other (more effective) words, Neaera rocks and I’m willing to rock out in order to make sure that she gets the props that she deserves. Neaera the Great: An Explication of One Woman’s Movement to Power Consider the possibility that how we listen to people creates the way life will be for them as well as for ourselves. Is this a radical statement? Perhaps. Many of us hold fast to the idea that we are the controllers of our own fate (myself included) and that, for instance, even if someone listened to us as if we were never going to amount to anything that would ever resemble success, we would eventually triumph in the end (especially against the odds stacked against us by would be detractors).