Land Changes After Ww2 Essays - House Of Habsburg-Lorraine

Land Changes After Ww2 Bruce Wayne Per. 4 04-09-01 Occasions that prompted World War One At the point when individuals are discussing war, they appear to consistently need to comprehend what began it. There are numerous things that can cause a war. For instance, World War One was begun due to numerous things: patriotism, working of arms, trapping of coalitions, and dominion. Patriotism lead to war since Serbia energized the individuals in Austria - Hungary to radical and join Serbians. Serbia was burnt out on being bossed around by Austria-Hungary and needed to be disregarded. Additionally, after the drop out of the Ottoman Domain, later renamed Turkey, Russia and Austria-Hungary nearly did battle. The reason they nearly did battle was that Austria-Hungary attached Bosnia and Herzegovina. During this timeframe Great Britain had the main naval force on the planet. Incredible Britain with their naval force controlled the oceans. Germany hated this and began building its own naval force. The race was on, who might have the better naval force Germany or Incredible Britain? Germany did anyway have one preferred position over Great Britains naval force, their boats would be more up to date. Germany previously had the main armed force and in the event that they achieved their objective of building the best naval force they could have been relentless. Numerous nations were presently framing coalitions with each other to secure themselves from different nations. There were six significant nations engaged with the war. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy framed the Triple Alliance. Extraordinary Britain, Russia, also, France shaped the Triple Entente. Since every nation had a union with other nations, no one dreaded war. Colonialism likewise assumed its job that lead to World War One. Germany got a late start in the state race. France was having issues with Germany over Morocco (a French state). Germany needed to take this province from France however France would not let them have it. France alone couldn't deal with Germany so Great Britain went to its guide. Germany dreaded a destruction by these two nations so it withdrew. Every one of these things hinted at World War One however what began World War One was a little mishap contrasted with everything else that has occurred. On June 28, 1914, Arch duke Franz Ferdinand was visiting Sarajevo, legislative center of the Austrian Province Bosnia. On this day Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Slavic fanatic named Gavrilo Princip. Austria-Hungary blamed this occurrence so as to begin a war that was at that point building up. Numerous things lead to war. Its not only one occurrence. It took numerous mishaps for World War One to start, the demise of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was only a reason to start a war. History

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER THREE HISTORIAN

Student of history Janov Pelorat was white-haired and his face, in rest, looked rather unfilled. It was rarefy in anything besides rest. He was of normal tallness and weight and would in general move without flurry and to talk with consultation. He appeared to be extensively more seasoned than his fifty-two years. He had never left Terminus, something that was generally unordinary, particularly for one of his calling. He himself didn't know whether his inactive ways were a result of †or regardless of †his fixation on history. The fixation had happened upon him unexpectedly at fifteen years old while, during some indisposition, he was given a book of early legends. In it, he found the rehashed theme of a world that was separated from everyone else and confined †a world that was not even mindful of its disengagement, since it had known nothing else. His indisposition started to clear up without a moment's delay. Inside two days, he had perused the book multiple times and was up. The day after that he was at his work station, checking for any records that the Terminus University Library may have on comparable legends. It was decisively such legends that had involved him from that point onward. The Terminus University Library had in no way, shape or form been an incredible asset in this regard yet, when he developed more established, he found the delights of interlibrary advances. He had printouts in his ownership which had been taken off hyper-radiational signals from as distant as Ifnia. He had become a teacher of antiquated history and was presently starting his first holiday †one for which he had applied with traveling through space (his first) to Trantor itself †thirty after seven years. Pelorat was very mindful that it was generally unordinary for an individual of Terminus to have never been in space. It had never been his aim to be eminent in this specific way. It was only that at whatever point he may have gone into space, some new book, some new investigation, some new examination came his direction. He would postpone his anticipated excursion until he had wrung the new issue dry and had included, if conceivable, one all the more thing of actuality, or theory, or creative mind to the mountain he had gathered. At long last, his lone lament was that the specific outing to Trantor had never been made. Trantor had been the capital of the First Galactic Empire. It had been the seat of Emperors for twelve thousand years and, before that, the capital of one of the most significant pre-Imperial realms, which had, gradually, caught or in any case assimilated different realms to build up the Empire. Trantor had been a world-supporting city, a metal-covered city. Pelorat had perused of it in progress of Gaal Dornick, who had visited it in the hour of Hari Seldon himself. Dornick's volume did not flow anymore and the one Pelorat possessed may have been sold for a large portion of the student of history's yearly compensation. A proposal that he may leave behind it would have sickened the antiquarian. Obviously, what Pelorat thought about, most definitely, was the Galactic Library, which in Imperial occasions (when it was the Imperial Library) had been the biggest in the Galaxy. Trantor was the capital of the biggest and most crowded Empire humankind had ever observed. It had been a solitary overall city with a populace well more than forty billion, and its Library had been the accumulated record of all the innovative (and not really imaginative) work of mankind, the full outline of its information. What's more, it was completely automated in so unpredictable a way that it took specialists to deal with the PCs. What was more, the Library had endure. To Pelorat, that was the stunning thing about it. When Trantor had fallen and been sacked, about more than two centuries prior, it had experienced shocking devastation, and the stories of human wretchedness and passing would not tolerate rehashing †yet the Library had endure, ensured (it was said) by the University understudies, who utilized brilliantly concocted weapons. (Some idea the protection by the understudies may well have been completely romanticized.) Regardless, the Library had suffered through the time of decimation. Ebling Mis had accomplished his work in an unblemished Library in a destroyed world when he had nearly found the Second Foundation (as indicated by the story which the individuals of the Foundation despite everything accepted, except which history specialists have consistently treated with hold). The three ages of Darells †Bayta, Toran, and Arkady †had each, at once or another, been on Trantor. In any case, Arkady had not visited the Library, and since her time the Library had not encroached on Galactic history. No Foundationer had been on Trantor in a hundred and twenty years, yet there was no motivation to accept the Library was not still there. That it had made no impingement was the surest proof for its being there. Its obliteration would doubtlessly have made a clamor. The Library was old fashioned and ancient †it had been so even in Ebling Mis' time †however that was all to the great. Pelorat consistently scoured his hands with fervor when he thought of an old and antiquated Library. The more established and the more old fashioned, the more probable it was to have what he required. In his fantasies, he would enter the Library and ask in short of breath alert, â€Å"Has the Library been modemized? Have you tossed out the old tapes and computerizations?† And consistently he envisioned the appropriate response from dusty and old administrators, â€Å"As it has been, Professor, so is it still.† What's more, presently his fantasy would work out. The Mayor herself had guaranteed him of that. How she had known about his work, he wasn't exactly certain. He had not prevailing with regards to distributing numerous papers. Little of what he had done was strong enough to be adequate for distribution and what had showed up had left no imprint. All things considered, they said Branno the Bronze realized all that went on in Terminus and had eyes toward the finish of each finger and toe. Pelorat could nearly trust it, however on the off chance that she knew about his work, why on Terminus didn't she see its significance and give him a little money related help before this? By one way or another, he thought, with as much harshness as possible produce, the Foundation had its eyes fixed immovably on what's to come. It was the Second Empire and their predetermination that assimilated them. They had no time, no longing, to peer once again into the past †and they were aggravated by the individuals who did. The more imbeciles they, obviously, however he was unable to without any assistance clear out indiscretion. Also, it may be better so. He could embrace the incredible interest to his own chest and the day would come when he would be recognized as the incomparable Pioneer of the Important. That implied, obviously (and he was excessively mentally genuine to decline to see it), that he, as well, was invested later on †a future where he would be perceived, and in which he would be a saint on a standard with Hari Seldon. Truth be told, he would be the more prominent, for how could the working out of an unmistakably pictured future a thousand years in length stand correlation with the working out of a lost past at any rate twenty-five centuries old. Also, this was the day; this was the day. The Mayor had said it would be the day after Seldon's picture showed up. That was the main explanation Pelorat had been keen on the Seldon Crisis that for a considerable length of time had consumed each psyche on Terminus and without a doubt pretty much every brain in the Federation. It had appeared to him to have the most frivolous effect with respect to whether the capital of the Foundation had stayed here at Terminus, or had been moved elsewhere. Furthermore, since the emergency had been settled, he stayed uncertain with respect to which side of the issue Hari Seldon had supported, or if the issue under debate had been referenced by any stretch of the imagination. It was sufficient that Seldon had showed up and that now this was the day. It was a brief time after two toward the evening that a ground-vehicle slid to a stop in the carport of his fairly disengaged house simply outside Terminus appropriate. A back entryway slid back. A gatekeeper in the uniform of the Mayoralty Security Corps ventured out, at that point a youngster, at that point two additional watchmen. Pelorat was dazzled regardless of himself. The Mayor knew about his work as well as plainly thought about it of the most noteworthy significance. The individual who was to be his friend was given a ceremonial group, and he had been guaranteed a top of the line vessel which his partner would have the option to direct. Generally complimenting! Most †Pelorat's servant opened the entryway. The youngster entered and the two watchmen situated themselves on either side of the passage. Through the window, Pelorat saw that the third watchman stayed outside and that a second ground-vehicle had now pulled up. Extra watches! Confounding! He went to locate the youngster in his room and was amazed to find that he remembered him. He had seen him on holocasts. He stated, â€Å"You're that Councilman. You're Trevize!† â€Å"Golan Trevize. Believe it or not. You are Professor Janov Pelorat?† â€Å"Yes, yes,† said Pelorat. â€Å"Are you he who will †â€Å" â€Å"We will be individual travelers,† said Trevize woodenly. â€Å"Or so I have been told.† â€Å"But you're not a historian.† â€Å"No, I'm most certainly not. As you stated, I'm a Councilman, a politician.† â€Å"Yes, Yes, But what am I considering? I am a student of history, in this way what requirement for another? You can direct a spaceship.† â€Å"Yes, I'm truly acceptable at that.† â€Å"Well, that is the thing that we need, at that point. Fantastic! I'm worried I'm not one of your reasonable scholars, youngster, so on the off chance that it ought to happen that you are, we'll make a decent team.† Trevize stated, â€Å"I am not, right now, overpowered with the greatness of my own reasoning, yet it appears we must choose the option to attempt to make it a decent team.† â€Å"Let's expectation, at that point, that I can defeat my vulnerability about space. I've never been in space, you know, Councilman. I am a groundhog, if that is the term. OK like a glass of tea, coincidentally? I'll have Moda set us up something. It is my understanding that it will be a few hours prior

What Topics To Write On A New Starter Blog

What Topics To Write On A New Starter Blog Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!What Topics To Write On A New Starter Blog ?Updated On 09/01/2016Author : Anurag KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/1ReSqOk CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogEver felt like“what to write on a blog” when you have the answer of “why to write” already…Yes, is the answer surely.When you see lot of websites expressing shimmering content all over the web, you also feel like starting a website / blog of your own. Blogging is something today has become a major source for livelihood rather than a passion to express your views.So when one decides to start a blog, the major obstacle is what should be written? Obviously something that should attract a lot of visitors, yes! But, on what topic should I write? Should I rewrite the content of another popular website or should I write what I know or what I love. Well it’s sometimes become difficult on what topic should I start a blog.Starting a blog on the topics which are hot favorite among the tech specialist is a nice idea but competing against the well-established blogs already on that content is something really hard. If you are thinking to start a blog on topics which are not very favorite of search crawlers and peoples hungry for info than you should drop the idea because that will not earn you a penny. Writing on any vague topic is not what a blogger do.Hot favorite topics that can earn you a lot if written well:-Android: Bloggers, who started their venture on Android back in 2008, are pretty successful today. As we all know today Android among all Mobile OS is creating more sensation in technology world. So writing on “Android firmware rooting tutorials” is a great idea as many blogs on the similar related topic have become a lot popular. Writing on android requires a lot skillful knowledge, if you are amateur, just drop the idea. Still if temptation persists to write, then re ad below for how to write on such topics.iPhone Jail Breaking : Whenever an iPhone is launched it creates a mammoth news, so with the launch developers starts Jail breaking and the very loyal Apple users start seeking their support. Writing on iPhone Jail breaking can flood you with lots of visitors. The same rule apply here to write on iPhone jail breaking requires a very sharp knowledge, so How to write on it, let’s see.Windows Phone Support: The comeback of Nokia with Microsoft Windows phones in the market provides a great opportunity for developers and bloggers to start their venture on windows phone support. But for a developer it is easy to write and explore but how will you do amateur blogger. Let’s see below.READ7 Things That I Learned From Guy Kawasaki That You Can Implement In BloggingPoints to be kept in mind while writing content for a new starter blog:-From where I will get the content to write? To examine this fact before you start writing is essential. If your i dea to start a blog is on technology related topics or how to tips, then either the newbie must be well informed of all facts which he is going to write. Or one needs a content source from where he can drive the idea. Taking an idea of whole concept of a tech tip from another popular blog is not restricted but copying it on a whole on your blog in every respect is 100% not allowed. You just can’t scrap content of other blogger.Suppose you want to write on “Google Project Glasses” :- You searched on Google with the term “google project glass review” and get below results as shown in pic.So, to write on this topic or any other (Like Android, iPhone, Windows) go through the posts of some well-known sites, understand the fact and then pen down the content in your own language. Make sure you never copy anything, not even a single line, show your creativity in modifying the content in your magical words. To make sure you have written a well neat content, you can also buy CopySca pe Premium account credits and get you content scanned for any copied text. You are only allowed to post quotes from any sites. If you use any copyrighted image, make sure you add the source in caption.For content regarding “Android”, you can follow various forums and developer websites and can collect content from them. It is done by many well-known sites. Understand the fact not every site or blog hires developers who write content on their own by exploring new ports. The other small sites and blogs need the content source like these developers websites from where they can write a fresh how to content. If your content is inspired from a single blog only, make sure you mark credit to that blog in your post.If you have made up your mind to start your blog on the topics mentioned above then, it may happen you can’t get those higher rankings among search engines. But to be sure your blog will attract a lot of visitors and you can earn a well descent amount through it.

The Internets Role In Any Organization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6059 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction The Internet plays an important role as it is revolutionizing the way in which business is conducted around the world. In new millennium with the emergence of electronic system, organizations are strained to shift their operation from traditional way to e-business had lead clear increase in global competition which threaten existing businesses and modernize business practices. Apart from that, technology is consider an integrate part of any business as technology can contribute to economic growth, increases productivity and quality of products as well as increases competitive advantages of industrial sectors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Internets Role In Any Organization" essay for you Create order Besides, the developing of technology is in an increasing pace and dramatically changes business models in business sector. In such competitive environment resulted from globalization, firms must create more dynamic strategy over their competitor to survive in the business sector. Due to competition from various companies has increased as advancements in technology; it has broken down the traditional barriers to entry the market. Therefore, at the ever changing world, procurement process has been transformed into strategic resources. The use of new technology in procurement has provided substantial benefits. However, some organizations are exploiting competitive advantage through mergers, acquisitions, supply and distribution channel imptovements (Hamel and Prahalad 1994), as cited in Longenecker and Ariss (2002). 2.0 Research Objective 1. To determine that whether e-procurement can achieve competitive advantage 2. To investigate whether total quality management can achieve competitive advantage 3. To examining whether implementation of e-procurement in total quality management can help to achieve further competitive advantage. 3.0 Research Questions 1. Does e-procurement results in competitive advantage? 2. Does total quality management results in competitive advantage? 3. Does implementation of e-procurement in total quality management can help to achieve further competitive advantage? 4.0 Hypotheses 1. E-Procurement can result in competitive advantage. 2. Total quality management can result in competitive advantage. 3. Implementation of e-procurement in total quality management can provide further competitive advantage. Literature Review 5.0 E-Procurement and Competitive Advantage 5.1 Conceptualization of E-Procurement Nowadays, the evolution of e-procurement is becoming more successively and interested on a global scale. According to Min and Galle (2003), e-procurement is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"business-to-business purchasing practice that utilizes electronic commerce to identify potential sources of supply, to purchase goods and services, to transfer payment, and to interact with suppliersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (as cited in Pearcy and Giunipero 2008, p.26). Besides that, electronic procurement consists of e-Maintenance Repair Operate (MRO), web-based Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), e-sourcing, e-tendering, e-auctioning, e-exchanges and e-informing (Min and Galle 2001; Knudsen 2003; Walker and Harland 2008). Apart from that, an Aberdeen Group (2001) found that e-procurement technologies are divided into 2 categories: direct procurement and indirect procurement (cited in Angeles and Nath 2007). Direct procurement is the purchase of high volume raw materials that used in the manufacturing process of a finished product (Harrigan et al. 2008). Whereas indirect procurement is the purchase of maintenance, materials and operation goods that are not directly involved in the production process such as office supplies, personal computers and advertising (Bof and Previtali 2007). Apart from that, procurement process involves a complex series of events which allows a firm to more from the basic need to reaching a final purchase decision through technical specification and potential supplier evaluation (Robinson et al. 1967, cited in Osmonbekov et al. 2002). Hence, many firms in diverse industries adopt the strategy of e-procurement and focus on restructuring the entire order-to-delivery process rath er than specific task in order to improve the efficiency of purchasing or supply management function as well as reduce operation costs of organization. 5.2 Conceptualization of Competitive Advantage The achievement of sustainable competitive advantage has long been the goal of companies and organizations. However, due to the rapid change in the global environment, researchers from various backgrounds have come up with their own different perspectives to identify definition of competitive advantage. In traditional industry, the importance of industry structure and market position plays significant roles to achieve competitive advantage (Porter 1980, cited in Ma 1999; Passemard and Kleiner 2000). According to Pfeffer and Vega (1991), the conceptualization of competitive advantage can be described as organizational practice, resource and asset that used to improve an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive position in the marketplace (as cited in Longenecker and Ariss 2002). Porter (1985) further description on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"competitive advantage grows out of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unique ability in creating superior customer valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (as cited in Ma 2002, p.525). However, recently, Rindova and Fombrun (1999), state that competitive advantage is built on relationship and not an exchanges sustained social interactions in impressions which may affect future behaviors (cited in Tzokas and Saren 2004). 5.3 Competitive strategies in E-Procurement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"E-procurement has been seen to have the potential to play a pivotal role in a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s endeavours to create a competitive cost advantage that lasts for many years, hence grounding sustainable competitive advantageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Bloomberg et al. 2002, p. 14) cited in (Pires and Stanton 2005). In order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, company should concern on the implementation of organizational business strategy in area of e-procurement. However, if the organization fails to apply a successful strategy, it will result in loss of business productivity and competitiveness which will undermine the long-term performance of the organization. Apart from that, a firm can enhance its market position and competitive strength by developing procurement strategy. Below are the competitive strategies which e-procurement can achieve competitive advantage: 5.3.1 Cost Reduction The reduction of purchasing cost has been recognized as one of the most significant purposes in procurement (Collis and Montgomery 1995), since the average manufacturing firm spends half of its sales revenue on the purchase of materials (cited in Ordanini and Rubera 2008). Furthermore, research shows that by using e-procurement can achieve cost saving which average reduction in purchase price of 17 per cent (Bartezzaghi and Ronchi 2005, cited as Harrigan et al. 2008). Additionally, by implementing e-procurement in an organization, it can help us to reduce purchase price of materials and costs that related to internal workflow of activities such as equipment and labour costs. With the use of electronic procurement, transactions can be proceed through HTML, EDI, e-mail and Internet which can eliminate the usage paper requisition for placing order, invoice as well as receipt (Sarkis et al. 2004). Additionally, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Companies using e-procurement have reported savings up to 42% in purchasing transaction cost associated with less paperwork, which translates into fewer mistakes and more efficient purchasing process (Davila et al. 2002). 5.3.2 Efficiency Maximization E-procurement can improve the efficiency of the process which order fulfillment time can shortened up to 80 per cent (Minahan 2001, cited in Harrigan et al. 2008) as well as reduced the inventory levels (Min and Galle 2003). Thus, e-procurement has impact on the purchasing cycle time and delivery time. In order to achieve high quality performance, mostly organizations has seen the benefits of applying new technologies in its manufacturing processes because it can manufacture in a high volume production without any concerns in regards to cost. The investment in advanced equipment has enabled the company to achieve a high level of process capability that could not achieve by manual processes. Due to there are many repetitive and complicated tasks that machines can do which human being cannot do it. According to Bof and Previtali (2007), electronic procurement can accelerated the flow of important information between buyers and suppliers as well as elimination of transaction errors by transform the way of purchasing raw material from traditional methods to online. Currently, the use of internet serve as a foundation of data flow for strategic manufacturing purpose in e-procurement such as using barcodes in firms to manage the raw material. As the workflow automatically routes information through the purchasing process without re-keying all the date, user can use it easily and with a minimal error. According to Smith and Correa (2005), they stated that by using e-business can lead to highly accurate information gathering though proper database via internet and it enable to indentify each product moving throughout supply chain. Apart from that, the information that recorded in the system are stored in a real-time fashion, therefore, users can acquire an accurate tracking in supply chain compared with the traditional manual methods. Therefore the adoption of e-procurement will improve efficiency that can strengthen competitive advantage in firms and industries. In general, firms should adopt the e-procurement strategies to achieve competitive advantage among the competitors. For instance, firms need to learn the management practices which are reduce production costs by elimination waste and achieving higher efficiency to capture the attention of the suppliers. 6.0 Total Quality Management and Competitive Advantage 6.1 Conceptualization of Total Quality Management (TQM) Since 1980s, TQM has been regarded as one of the competitive strategies for firm to improve their competitive advantage and has widely implemented throughout the world (Kuei et al. 2001; Brah et al. 2002; Rad 2006). Besides that, TQM has been widely regarded as rational structure and scientific tools for the improvement of quality as well as improve competitive advantage (Sun 2000; Li et al. 2002). There is no universally agreed definition on TQM as many researchers have their own beliefs and prejudices towards the term (Martinez-Lorente 1998; Sun 2000; Psychogios and Priporas 2007; KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ et al. 2008). However, the definition provided by researchers is more like vague descriptions than definitions and contain terms as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a philosophy, which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an approach for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ et al. 2008). As just an example, Rad (2006) defines TQM as a philosophy which provides a template for success to an organization through customer satisfaction. On the other hand, in recent years, a tendency toward agreement on a system perspective of TQM has been suggested. One such definition is from Hellsten and KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ (2000), who define TQM as a continuously evolving management system consisting of core values, methodologies and tools, the aim of which is to increase external and internal customer satisfaction with a reduced amount of resources (cited in KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ et al. 2008, p. 121). The definition provided by Hellsten and KlefsjÃÆ' ¶ (2000) is stated clearly as it consists of three components which are interdependent and supporting each of the values to sustaining a culture based on a kernel of core values. 6.2 Competitive strategies in TQM In order to compete with the increasingly of competitors, it has forced organizations find ways to reduce costs while maintaining customer satisfaction and making continuous improvement to the products. Since 1980, TQM has been recognized as a way to achieve goal by establishing a quality-based culture for improving customer satisfaction. Apart from that, TQM has been widely recognized as one of the most competitive weapon, if implemented successfully, provides a competitive advantage for organizations through quality (Martins and Toledo 2000; Beskese and Cebeci 2001; Prajogo and Sohal 2004). In order to achieve the goals of organization, they should implementing successful TQM strategies. 6.2.1 Quality Focus Currently, TQM have become a key focus for organizations as it considers as tools for improvement quality. According to Mandel et al. (2000), he noted that the implication of quality as a factor of international planning. Quality improvement refers to the efforts on increasing effectiveness and efficiency in order to satisfy customer expectations (Talha 2004). Organizations must plan the strategic to implement quality improvement planning into their business plan. If the organization has emphasized quality as an important strategic, this will leads to higher sales and operating profits as well as improve the competitive positions of the firm as the customers will pay more to quality products that satisfy them. Also, nowadays customers are become more sophisticated, continuous improvement in product quality is essential to satisfy their needs. Therefore, once the organizations satisfy the requirements of customer, items are producing according to specifications, it will minimizing defective items and the cost of rework (Khan 2003). Yet, TQM will increase the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive advantage because they concentrated on the improvements to offer superior quality of products to its customers (Martins and Toledo 2000). Hence, quality improvement is essential for the very survival of a company to achieve competitive advantage. 6.2.2 Customer Focus Customers have their expectations towards an organization which they patronize. If the expectations are not met, they will get dissatisfied and stop patronizing the organization; hence customer satisfaction is one of the important elements to attain competitive advantage. According to Bergman and Klefsjo (2003), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"satisfied customer are loyal customers and loyal customers are profitable customers and profitable customers make lucrative businesses and happy ownersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (cited in Bergquist et al. 2005, p. 312). However, customers are usually irrational. In order to develop their potential quality, companies need to develop the strategies on customer focus. Generally, customer focus means as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the activities of the companies are intended to benefit the customer but the customer is seen from the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ own perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Lagrosen 2001, p.350). Organizations should make an effort to gain information regarding the needs and wants of the customer rather than always focus on the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ view of product and its features. 6.2.3 Process Focus The goal of process management is to zeroing down the defective and failures rate as well as reduce process variation by building quality into the production process which can reduced cost. According to Ou et al. (n.d.), inferior quality manufacturing process will increase high scrap rate and rework rate which will lead to use more resource to produce qualified products. Therefore, firms should concern on process management to avoid the occurrences of unnecessary costs such as waste costs by finding quality problems immediately. TQM implementation can directly increasing firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quality performance by improving manufacturing process, has indirect effects on increasing customer satisfaction as well as the reputation of firms. By reducing unnecessary waste cost such as waste of production, avoidable process and waste of defects, firms can put into practice of lean production. According to Womack and Jones (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lean production has its origin in philosophy of achieving improvements in most economical ways with special focus on reducing waste (cited in Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park 2006, p. 264). For instance, firm can designing the production process and giving orders and instructions to the workers. The improvement of manufacturing efficiency will improve customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction and eventually the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial performance. 6.3 Adoption of e-Procurement in Total Quality Management to achieve Competitive Advantage There is no clearly evidence shows that the adoption of e-procurement in total quality management can achieve further competitive advantage, however it can be shows that the ways of both e-procurement and TQM are almost using same strategies to achieve competitive advantage. 6.3.1 Business-to-business (B2B) E-procurement E-procurement is defined as the use of information technologies to facilitate business-to-business (B2B) purchase transactions for materials and services (Wu et al. 2007, cited in Walker and Harland 2008). With the development of B2B e-procurement, the traditional method of business are replaced by the electronically transactions. Besides that, BCB e-procurement can help TQM in achieving competitive advantage. 6.3.1.1 Cost Minimization Application of e-procurement practices into total quality management is beneficial as it can improve facilitation of efficient and cost-effective trading routes to conduct business. According to Harrigan et al. (2008), e-procurement can reduce purchasing costs by amending the way raw materials are purchasing from traditional methods to online ordering. With the implementation of e-procurement, transactions can be proceed via e-mail, electronic data interchange, fax which can directly eliminate paper usage such as invoice, receipts as well as paper catalogs. However, Turban et al. (2006) argues that systematic procurement transactions tend to waste time on non-value-adding activities such as handling errors in ordering and invoicing, data entry which often time consuming and costly to trace (cited in Aboelmaged 2009). 6.3.1.2 Efficiency Maximization Apart from the cost reductions arising from transactional, e-procurement can also contribute to efficient purchasing process in many ways. As earlier mention, TQM have been emphasized that its main focus is improving productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality, therefore it may be less paying attention on giving maximize efficiency. Consequently, by implementation e-procurement in TQM can achieve maximum efficiency. It is obvious that e-procurement greatly helps improve communication with suppliers providing access to the information 24 hours a day. Therefore, the system availability can makes it easier for businesses to receive order from the supplier and summit an order. By providing greater access, firms can reduce the purchasing cycle time and improved performance between buyers and suppliers. According to Choudhury et al. (1998), repetition in the procurement system will increase the efficiency and result in a higher level of electronic integration between buyers and suppliers (cited in Walker and Harland 2008). 6.3.1.3 Methods of B2B e-procurement Previously, most of the organizations are using traditional modes of communication such as phone, fax, memo and face-to-face. However, through evolution of the technologies, organizations can improve the speed in business transactions through the utilization of the B2B e-procurement methods: 1. Reverse Auctions. A reverse e-auction is a form of the electronic data communication which provides a forum wherein several suppliers compete online for contracts offered by a customer (Tassabehji et al. 2006). Due to no human intervention along with computerized accessible format, it can help both parties gain form less paperwork, shorted cycle times for circulation requesters for quotations, faster responses to potential bidders and reduced transaction costs (Plouffe et al. 2001). 2. Lean procurement. Lean procurement generally imply on small quantity of products purchased frequently from few suppliers, who deliver the items in exact quantities at the specific time and place (Wilson and Roy 2009). It also further noted that lean procurement unlike the traditional purchasing system such as TQM where the price considerations, suppliers are evaluated through the reliability, behaviors, performance as well as price. Based on the traditional purchasing system, the relationship between buyers and suppliers are based on the long-term trust and commitment. 3. Internet. Through internet, companies have ability to speed up the business transactions through a faster way as it allows companies to pay invoices and payment electronically. Besides that, the use of internet through videoconferencing provides a visual contract which allows companies communicate with the suppliers (Samaniego 2006). 7.0 Theoretical Framework Competitive Advantage E-Procurement Total Quality Management 8.0 Research Methods 8.1 Explanatory My research is about the ways of e-procurement and total quality management in achieving competitive advantage of organizations. In the literature review, I am explaining the relationship between e-procurement and competitive advantage as well as total quality management and competitive advantage; therefore my research is an explanatory study. According to Saunders et al. (2009), explanatory study is known as causal study which is emphasizes on explaining the relationships between variables. 8.2 Research Philosophy The research philosophy that I adopt in the literature review is epistemology. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Epistemology concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Saunders et al, 2009, p. 112). This research will be mostly exploring the strategies of how e-procurement and TQM to achieve competitive advantage. Besides that, although many successful cases that shows that e-procurement and TQM can provide competitive advantage to an organization. However, I may not be able to know that e-procurement and TQM can achieve competitive advantage. Therefore, I a going to do this research to find out how e-procurement and TQM can help an organization achieve competitive advantage. Furthermore, the fact that it is an explanatory study also makes this research epistemology. Both the cause and the effect are known under an explanatory effect. In this research, I will acts as a positivist. A positivist will prefer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"working with an observable social reality and that the end products of such research can be law-like generalizations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Remenyi et al., 1998, p. 32, as cited in Saunders et al., 2009, p. 113). Therefore, I will only based on the quantifiable observations which I can see, hear and touch to develop hypotheses. 8.3 Approach Deductive approach is an approach of working from more general idea to a more specific idea and also known as waterfall approach and therefore, conclusion follows logically from the premises (Gill Johnson, 2010). My research will utilize deductive approach since the theory and hypothesis have been created at the starting of the research. Besides that, the research itself is an observation to further confirm the relationship between e-procurement, TQM and competitive advantage as well as allows me to test and confirm my hypothesis. 8.4 Method The research measurements used in this study will be mixture of qualitative and quantitative factors. A quantitative research aims at determining the relationship between one thing and another (Denzin Lincon, 2005). A qualitative research is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"used to address research questions that require explanation or understanding of social phenomena and their contextsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). In this research, I will more focus on quantitative research instead of qualitative research. By using quantitative research, I can find out the following data: 1. The percentage of organizations which are successfully achieving competitive advantage after adoption of either e-procurement, TQM, or both. 2. The percentage of organizations which adopt neither e-procurement nor TQM, but have achieved competitive advantage. Besides that, I plan to apply structured questionnaire and interview which form by structured questions and answers. Structured interviews use questionnaires based on standardized set of questions which can be result more accurate and credible data. Although quantitative research is the main focus in this research, qualitative research is still under consideration towards these issues. Under qualitative methods, I will be using semi-structured and in-depth questionnaire and interview. A semi-structured questionnaire or interview is where the questions are structured but the answers are left unstructured. However, in-depth questionnaire or interview is where both the questions and answers are unstructured. Therefore, my research choice is Mixed Methods whereby both quantitative and qualitative methods are being considered. 8.5 Strategies The strategies that can be implemented in conducting this research are survey. Survey is a research strategy that involves the structured collection of data from a sizeable population (Saunders et al., 2009). The reason for choosing survey as my strategy is survey allows me to collect the quantitative data which I can analyze quantitatively using statistics. By using survey, I can easily calculate the percentage of increase in profits after implementing e-procurement and TQM. Through the survey, questionnaire will be given. Structured questionnaires bring convenience for me when carrying out the percentage calculation. Another strategy that can be implemented is archival research which makes use of administrative records and documents as the principal source of data (Saunders et al., 2009). In this research, archival research can used to identify the companies in the past that have been successful in achieving e-procurement and TQM and changing effects that has led to their success. 8.6 Sampling Sampling techniques are used to define the target population by keeping with the objectives of the study. Hence, sampling methods are techniques for collecting sub-volumes from larger volume of target population (Groves et al., 2010). Sample selection will be done on a random basis to avoid selection bias. In this research, the sampling method that will be use is stratified random sampling. Stratified random sampling is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a modification of random sampling in which you divide the population into two or more relevant strata based on one or a number of attributesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 228). I will divide all companies in Malaysia into 4 groups which are companies that implement e-procurement, companies that implement TQM, companies that implement both e-procurement and TQM as well as companies that do not implement both e-procurement and TQM. In this case, companies will be selected using random sampling. Besides that, 50 questionnaires will be distri buted randomly to every company. 8.7 Time Horizon In terms of time horizon, my research will be considered as cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional study refers to data gathered only once over a period of time. Since this research must complete within 1 month, I am not be able to analyze the development of e-procurement in future. Therefore, my research will more focus on the e-procurement of e-procurement nowadays and explain the relationship between every variable. Besides that, this research typically deals with historical data, hence the necessity to get results frequently is comparatively low as the industry conditions will not change rapidly. 8.8 Possible Result For the hypothesis of this research to be true, it must be supported by the fact that adoption of e-procurement in TQM can provide further competitive advantage. Besides that, the results of the survey as well as archival research should show that the companies that implement neither e-procurement nor TQM can achieve competitive advantage. However, if the result of this research shows that the adoption of e-procurement in TQM does not achieve competitive advantage then the hypothesis of the research will be proven false. 9.0 Conclusion Based on reading of literature, I can suggest that hypothesis of this research paper is accepted. It clearly shows that e-procurement and TQM on business can achieve and sustaining competitive advantage in business world nowadays. The development of e-procurement does give a huge impact on business management will continuing technological revolution provides a number of challenges for firms today. An efficient e-procurement should implement competitive strategies to achieve competitive advantage as well as enhance market position in market. Besides that, a further competitive advantage can be gained by implementing e-procurement in TQM. Hence, it can be concluded that adoption of both e-procurement and TQM can bring organization to achieve further competitive advantage. However, in practice, TQM benefits are not easy to achieve. Many organizations and companies have difficulties in implementing TQM due to lack of consistent senior management commitment, superficial knowledge of imple menters of TQM as well as lack of strategic plan for change. In other words, TQM can have a dramatic impact on an organization. (4258 words) 10.0 References Aberdeen Group. (2001). 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The Two Willy Lomans in Arthur Millers Death of a...

The Two Willy Lomans in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman There are two Willy Lomans in The Death of a Salesman. There is the present broken, exhausted man in his sixties, soon to end his life. And there is the more confident, vigorous Willy of some fifteen years before, who appears in the flashbacks. One actor portrays both, readily shifting from one representation to the other. To some extent, of course, the personality remains constant. The younger Willy, although given to boastful blustering, does admit misgivings to Linda and loneliness to Biff. And the shattered older man, in turn, occasionally reverts to his former manner of jaunty optimism. Yet the changes are great and significant. The earlier Willy could never have been†¦show more content†¦At this point, however, relations are strained. Although Willy shies away from remembering so painful an episode, he knows in his heart that the Boston affair left the boy bitterly disillusioned. Feeling some sense of guilt, Willy fears that all of Biffs later difficulties may have bee n really attempts to get revenge. Biff has failed, in other words, mainly to spiteWilly. Although outwardly resenting such alleged vindictiveness. Willy still wants to get back the old comradeship, even if he has to buy it dearly. Why cant I give him something, he asks the spectral Ben, and not have him hate me? And his great final moment of joy and triumph occurs when he can exclaim,Isnt that remarkable? Biff - he likes me! On the other hand, Willy also is emotionally involved with Biff because his sons success or failure is also his. By becoming rich and influential, the handsome, personable Biff was slated to provide Willys victorious reply to all not sufficiently impressed with his own modest advancement. By making his fortune in the business world, Biff would prove that Willy had been right in turning down Bens adventurous challenge to head for Alaska. He would also outshine the sensible, plodding Charley and Bernard, thus establishing once and for all Willys theory that having personality and being well liked were the great requisites for preeminence. Losing his own job, Willy is naturally unhappy. But if heShow MoreRelatedArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesand often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Irving 247). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of t he main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. Willy Loman as a real tragic hero comes to the decision to commit suicide because of serious financial problemsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesauthority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. 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Essay about The Geography Of New Zealand - 1161 Words

The Geography of New Zealand nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The well-known country of New Zealand is a small, resourceful nation located 1,000 miles off Australias south east coast. New Zealand has an impressive economy that continues to grow, a physical landscape that attracts people from around the globe, and although small, New Zealand is a respected nation for its advanced civilization and stable government. The geography of this prestigious nation can be described through five principal categories, the physical geography, the cultural geography, the citizens standard of living, the government, and the nations economy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;New Zealand is located in the southern hemisphere, with an absolute†¦show more content†¦Currently 3,547,983 people live in New Zealand, but 83.7 percent of the population live in urbanized areas. The chief cities, each containing more than one hundred thousand people, are Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Manukau, and Wellington. The average population per square mile is only 34, but it is growing due to a 0.8 percent natural growth rate. Keeping in mind that only 2 percent of the land is arable, the crop land per capita is a meager 0.125 acres per person. Large portions of New Zealand are devoted to sheep stations, for there are more sheep in New Zealand than people. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The official language of New Zealand is English, although a small percentage of the people speak Maori, the native language. Somewhat corresponding to the language groups, the religious make up is 52 percent Christian, 15 percent Roman Catholic, and 33 percent unspecified or none. The country takes pride in a 99.9 percent literacy rate by having an excellent education system. The entire nation resides in a single time zone that would report 6:00 A.M. if the time in Amarillo, Texas was noon. From the countrys cultural geography, it could be predicted that the nation would enjoy a good standard of living. 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Cleanig Your Throne Essay Research Paper CLEANING free essay sample

Cleanig Your Throne Essay, Research Paper Clean YOUR THRONE This past summer I worked as a keeper in a fabrication works. Part of my occupation was cleaning bathrooms. I estimate throughout the summer I cleaned up to five hundred bathrooms. I consider myself an expert on the topic. Using my procedure for cleansing bathrooms, an immaculate bathroom is accomplishable. The initial measure in the procedure is to garner all the necessary cleansing supplies: swab and pail, glass cleansing agent, floor soap, lavatory bowl cleansing agent, lavatory coppice, paper towel, a sponge, bathroom cleaning solution with bleach, lavatory paper, trash bag, broom and dust pan, and baseball mitts are recommended. Make certain to read all of the labels on the cleaners for warnings, to avoid possible jeopardies. Following, everything must be removed from the room that is on the floor. We will write a custom essay sample on Cleanig Your Throne Essay Research Paper CLEANING or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This included carpets, rubbish tins, and any refuse laying on the floor. After taking everything out of the room, brush the floor. Now it is clip for the soiled work. This is where I suggest have oning baseball mitts. Take the lavatory bowl cleansing agent and use it to the interior of the bowl, underneath the rim. Now utilizing the coppice, scrub the interior of the bowl doing certain to take all discolorations. After all discolorations are removed, flush the lavatory to uncover a clean bowl. After cleaning the interior of the lavatory, it is clip to clean the exterior. Using the bathroom cleansing agent with bleach, spray the full exterior of the lavatory. The bleach in the cleansing agent kills the bacterium on the lavatory, but it besides can do serious harm to vesture. Be Very Careful WHEN USING BLEACH. Wipe the lavatory with a moist sponge. Be certain to clean the full lavatory including the base, the place, and the bath behind the bowl. When the sponge gets soiled, rinse it off in the sink. Continue cleaning the lavatory until it is scintillating clean. Now that the lavatory is wholly clean, travel over to the sink. Use the same cleansing agent that was used to clean the lavatory, nevertheless use a new sponge . Spray the full sink, including the spigot, and the exterior of the sink. Wipe the sink down with the new sponge and rinse the sink with clean H2O. Do non worry about acquiring the floor moisture. After the sink has been wiped and rinsed, dry it with paper towels. Normally a mirror is placed above the sink. By this clip the mirror will be splashed with H2O and cleansing agent and will besides necessitate to be cleaned. To make this, cover the mirror with a thin movie of glass cleansing agent. Wipe the mirror with paper towels in a waving gesture until all runs and smudges are removed. Now everything in the bathroom is clean except the floor. To clean the floor, fill a pail with warm H2O and floor soap. If no floor soap is available, any soap with a capful of bleach will be suited. Fill the pail three quarters of the manner up. Now take the swab and soak it in the H2O. With the concentrated swab, wipe up the floor from the rear of the room, to the terminal where the door is located. The floor should hold a thin bed of H2O on it. Now take the swab and contorting it out so that it is dry. With the prohibitionist swab, travel back over the floor in the mode that was performed when the swab was wet. If the swab begins to acquire wet once more, contorting it out and go on wipe uping. When the floor is finished, leave the room for 10 proceedingss to let it to dry. While the floor is drying, empty the refuse and replace the bag with a new one. If any carpets were taken out of the room, strike hard them against a wall to take any soil concealed inside the carpet. Make certain to brush the muss that was created by crushing the carpet on the wall. By this clip, the floor should be dry and the occupation will be ready to finish. Topographic point the carpet on the floor where they belong. Put the refuse can endorse from where it was taken. If the lavatory paper is low, replace the axial rotation with a new one and put the staying axial rotation on the top of the lavatory. The occupation is now complete. Leave the room and retrieve to set the place down and turn off the visible radiations.

Ethics as an Integral Part of Business

the chippawa essays

the chippawa essays There is a river, out in the wilds of north ontario named chippawa.Dont ask what it means because no one really knows,the local natives say it predates their tribe,the most they can make of it is cheppuan (river of beaver).This area of land is about as far out in the sticks as one can go ,never populated by more than a thousand ,even in its heyday ,which is when our tale takes place.The chippawa was once an important trading post for the french coure-de bois (runners of wood)on the way to the untamed wildlands and good trappings of the north,their was at least one man a day passing through,which is why no one payed any thought to Louis dalembourd.Louis quickly destinguished himself from the other passerby by not leaving ,in fact he stayed thoughout the rest of summer and late into fall when he seemingly disappeared.Life went on as usual in the quiet little town,when suddenly the rev.Jeremiah Hakeswell (an englishman)lost a battle with the flu bug and was intered to eternal slumber at the age of 75,a ripe old age for these times.The people sent back to mother church for a replacement ,and were drop dead astonished when rev.Louis Dalembourd walks into town.Already their were rumours filling the air,because you see Louis was a renowned drunk,loudmouth, and rumoured rapist.As you can imagine Louis would take none of this and so the rumours seemingly stopped...at least out in the open.Months passed without any thing out of the ordinary when suddenly one of the choir girls was found dead ,throat slashed ,aparantly raped. As you can imagine the townspeople immediatley turned to Louis for their retribution.They dragged him from the church,tied him to a tree and called the dead girls father forward to take his vengeance.The father picked up a dull farmers scythe and lopped off Louiss manhood despite his chilling screams of anguish.The priests screams only further enraged the wron ...

Freemasonry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freemasonry - Essay Example But unlike natural or normal organizations, no one can speak for the freemasons. This maybe is the reason why some people demand for the unity of culture, ways and means of this group. But not looking at what people say about the group, the main purpose and reason of its existence is to better every individual and its society. Like any other fraternities or tight brotherhoods, getting in is not easy. There are also requirements or qualifications, one of which is a belief in the Supreme Being. This isn't bad for a requirement. Other things that need to be considered are the three principles namely Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth. The first one refers to the respect that a Freemason shows to other people with regard to their ideas and beliefs. In the modern age specially, ideas that reign are the ideas of the powerful. This principle can be the answer to the rising claim for power which can be derived from the already-wealthy individuals who only accept their own ideas to standing for the majority even though it does not. This also relates to kindness and behaving well by understanding the situation of other people and the different scenarios in life. The second principle which talks of relief involves charity and care, still for other people.

Capital Punishment in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capital Punishment in the USA - Essay Example The main argument against capital punishment states that capital punishment disregards the value of human life2. Human value is viewed as being highly valuable and should not be taken away under any circumstances, legal or otherwise. It is believed that not even the worst form of crime should deprive one his life. Those against capital punishment believe that the value of the criminal’s life should not be destroyed by their crime even if they killed someone. They argue that a substitute of this form of punishment can be through life imprisonment which gives the offender a chance to turn over a new leaf and lead a better life. In summary, human life is valuable and no authority should take it a away and no crime warrants for capital punishment. Capital punishment violates the due process of law in several ways. First, the imposition is arbitrary and irrevocable. This denies the offender the opportunity to benefit from reversal of a conviction or discovery of any new evidence wh ich might reverses the verdict. Additionally, the death penalty violates the Constitution's provision of equal protection of its citizens3. It was observed to be imposed randomly and with biases based on one’s skin color, social status and ethnicity. This shows that the death penalty does not conform to the due process of the law. The death penalty violatebiasesst important universal human right which is the right to live. This right should be respected at all times regardless of the form of crime that an individual has committed. This argument is similar to the one concerning the value of human life. This argument supports the point that a victim could kill their attacker in the process of a murderous attack. In such a case, the victim can be argued to have committed murder in self defense. In conclusion, killing does not correct the act committed by the offender, instead their natural worthiness is taken away. Moreover, it does not bring any form of retributive justice in s ociety. Capital punishment results to the wastage of limited resources that could have been directed to other meaningful activities in fighting crime3. In addition to, it is time consuming and wasted the energy of prosecutors, defense counsel, prosecuting attorneys and the legal enforcement personnel. It burdens the criminal justice system and has negative effects of societal values and morals. It goes ahead to prove that killing is right which is not true. There are higher chances of execution of the innocent as offenders may get killed due to the loopholes in the justice system. Jurors and prosecutors make mistakes and in the event an offender is innocent, they are killed for a crime that they did not commit which is highly regrettable. This together with the mistakes in the legal system can lead to death of innocent people where capital punishment is practicable3 . There is ample evidence for such situations leading to the conclusion that capital punishment should be abolished to avoid the loss of innocent lives.  

The Depiction of Pirates in Treasure Island Essay Example for Free

The Depiction of Pirates in Treasure Island Essay The first thing that must be made clear about Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island is that it is a romance. And therefore the image of the pirate that it paints remains largely fictional, and many of the details will not seem to comply with scholarly evidence of what the typical pirate was like in its heyday. But it is not correct either to interpret romance as being false history in all instances. When romance is derived from vibrant and native mythology then it is likely to contain a large measure of truth, and the sort of truth that scientific scholarship cannot unearth. According to Mircea Eliade, myth, when it is vitally connected to the culture, speaks only of realities, which are far more â€Å"real† than mere â€Å"hard facts† (7). Treasure Island draws on the myth of the pirate, and it is a living myth, closely connected to the Western spirit of individualism and adventure. Therefore it is a mistake to dismiss Stevenson’s tale as a mere children’s adventure story. It is well documented how the novel has redefined the image of the pirate in the modern age, and continues to excite young and old with its unique spirit of adventure. It is only able to do so because Stevenson tapped a living myth. In the search for the specific influences that shaped the composition of Treasure Island it is advisable to refer first of all to Stevenson’s own admissions. In this sense the author is extremely frank and forthcoming, and even admits to partial plagiarism in some instances. For example, he quotes Washington Irving’s tale â€Å"Wolfert Webber† as an influence, and says in this regard, It is my debt to Washington Irving that exercises my conscience, and justly so, for I believe plagiarism was rarely carried farther the whole inner spirit and a good deal of the material detail of my first chapters were the property of Washington Irving. (Stevenson, Letters, 308) There is indeed a striking resemblance, and Stevenson certainly steals the scene in which a tenured pirate arrives in a sleepy hamlet, lodging in an inn, and day after day regaling to the regulars of the inn his endless store of bloodcurdling adventures on the high seas. There is also the suggestion of hidden pirate treasure, but not on a remote and deserted island. The pirate map is central to the plot of Treasure Island, and may be described as the singular stroke of genius that spelled the success of the novel. The spark of the idea is from Edgar Allan Poe’s story â€Å"The Gold Bug†, whose plot hinges on ciphers and how to crack them (Zaczek 85). Instead of ciphers Stevenson gives us a map of a remote island, and a cross marked on the place where the treasure is supposed to be buried. It is when this map falls into the hands of Jim Hawkins that the adventure really begins. Poe’s story also has pirate treasure buried on an island, and where the pirates leave behind ciphers as the clue to the location. But Poe’s island is not remote and deserted. Stevenson most certainly got this idea from Defoe’s classic novel Robinson Crusoe. We elaborate on the influence of Defoe later on. Another influence that Stevenson mentions is Charles Kingsley’s travelogue At Last, which recounts a voyage to the Caribbean, with related reminiscences (Stevenson, Letters, 263). Though the direct references to pirates are limited, it is an important influence, because we may find in it the inner spirit that belongs to Treasure Island. Kingsley projects the spirit of independence and adventure, and this is certainly part of the imagination that that gives birth to Long John Silver. We feel this spirit palpably in the opening passage: At last we, too, were crossing the Atlantic. At last the dream of forty years, please God, would be fulfilled, and I should see (and happily, not alone) the West Indies and the Spanish Main.   From childhood I had studied their Natural History, their charts, their Romances, and alas! their Tragedies; and now, at last, I was about to compare books with facts, and judge for myself of the reported wonders of the Earthly Paradise. (Kingsley 9) It is a mistake to judge the myth of the pirate to be concerned with the macabre. It is really about leaving behind the constraints of society and making it on one’s own. In the end it is about individualism, which expresses the inner heart of Western man. This is not meant to condone piracy, nor to sanctify despicable real life villains, which no doubt the pirates were. But if the image of the pirate seizes the Western imagination so forcefully, it is because it speaks of an inner longing, and which we feign ignore. It is possibly because the pirate is an extreme example of the unfettered individual. To the pirate it is only himself and the world, and we can understand why this resonates with the Western dream. â€Å"[T]he Old World lay behind us like a dream,† Kingsley expresses once he is ensconced on the Westward bound ship (Ibid). A fundamental dream is being realized, and the Old World is itself now rendered a dream.   Such being the stated and implied influences of Stevenson, we must not expect more than a superficial resemblance between the pirates we find in Treasure Island and the real life counterparts. The novel established certain misconceptions about pirates which has become hard to eradicate now. For example, it is widely believed now that pirates always buried their treasure on remote islands, and deserted locations, and kept maps to locate it when needed later on. Even before the evidence of the scholars arrives, we know that this is a silly thing to do, and the plot of Treasure Island itself will serve as an example. Captain Flint is the legendary pirate who buries his treasure of Skeleton Island, makes a map of the exact spot, which only a small inner band of his crew are privy to. Predictably, this leaves a legacy of backstabbing rivalry among them, and they all want get their hands on the map and appropriate the treasure for themselves. Evidence tells us that real life pirates acted in exactly the opposite way. Having no propensity to save or stash, they spent their loot very quickly through drinking and revelry. Another belief engendered from the novel is that pirate ships always flew the â€Å"Jolly Roger†, the black flag with insignia of a skull and crossed bones. But this would also be foolhardy for pirates who were always desperate to deflect suspicion. According to Aubrey Burl, pirates used two flags, and raised them on the specific situations of a raid. The skull and bones flag was meant to intimidate the prey, goading them to surrender and abandon their ships. But if they did not do so, the black flag was replaced by a red one, which sent the message that violence was about to ensue. Both flags were used tactically in raids, and were not flown at other times. He relates an incidence from 1720 when the notorious pirate Bartholomew Roberts sailed daringly into the harbor of Trepassey, in Newfoundland, flying the black flag. It was only one pirate ship against twenty-two maritime vessels, and yet the intimidation was sufficient, and the harbor surrendered all its vessels to the pirate (Aubrey 133-4).   Most of the incidental details used to describe the pirates in Stevenson’s novel are, however, accurate, barring fictional exaggeration. Rum indeed was the favorite drink of pirates. The former crew members of Captain Flint describe him as habitually breaking into song when in the company of rum: Fifteen men on the dead man’s chest Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum! (Stevenson, Treasure, 9) Drunken revelry, as already noted, was the favorite pastime of pirates. Long John Silver is depicted with a crosspatch on one eye, and a wooden leg. It is not unlikely that pirates bore handicaps, living as they did with daily violence. He also has a parrot perched perpetually on his shoulder. We know that pirates were fond of keeping tropical birds, which they did as souvenirs of the trips to wildlife locations around the world. The pirates in Treasure Island are of English and Dutch extraction, which is also the typical make up of pirates in the New World, and the French also included in the mix. The ethnic map of piracy often followed the political map and the rivalry among the maritime powers, England, Holland and France being the principle political players, after the demise of the Spanish Empire. Indeed, the most notorious age of piracy was in the wake of the War of the Spanish Succession, when Spain finally relinquished its control of the high seas, and England, Holland and France entered the fray. Each employed privateers, who were legal pirates with commissions from their respective crowns to prey upon the ships of rival colonial powers. Initially their commissions had been to raid Spanish ships, because Spain ruled the seas, and their ships carried enticing booty. After the Spanish defeat on the mainland, the privateers remained, and soon began to prey on each other. The illegal and proper pirates usually respected such political dividing lines (Lane 3-5). The pirates in Treasure Island conform to this picture, the novel being set in that particular period of high piracy in the eighteenth century.   This is the extent to which Stevenson’s pirate is authentic, and we should not expect more. Though this pirate is a criminal thug, it is not this fact that strikes a chord in our imagination. It is rather the spirit of individualism and initiative that moves us, and makes someone who is essentially a robber of the high seas into a figure of romance for us. The tell tale sign for this is that these pirates are wont to bury their treasure on a remote and deserted island, instead of merely spending it. The idea is clearly derived from reading Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe’s story of a castaway who survives 28 years on a remote and deserted island, being the only survivor of a shipwreck. We know that Stevenson was an avid reader and admirer of Defoe. Stevenson is a kindred spirit to Defoe, though of a lesser genius. We examine Defoe in the hope of unlocking some secrets regarding Stevenson. Robinson Crusoe is not just an adventure tale, but is more a parable illustrating the Protestant work ethic. Crusoe establishes a personal relationship to God through his stay on the island, and in this sense is a consummate individual. He is shown to build civilization anew on the basis of such a faith. Therefore, he embodies individuality and imitative, exactly as the mythological pirate does. The figure of Robinson Crusoe is therefore the flip side of the iconic pirate. Crusoe confronts the world through faith in God; the pirate is also alone pitched against the world, only that he employs violence and bloodshed. Crusoe also discovers buried treasure while on a remote and deserted island – it is a spiritual treasure, and is hidden in the recesses of the soul. The counterpart for the pirate is material riches buried in a secret location. Both are emphasizing mystery, one religious, the other material. To confirm that this analogy is not strained, we note that Defoe was a passionate enthusiast of pirates and piracy, and has authored a long list of books and novels related to the theme. Indeed, he is thought to have authored A General History of the Pyrates under the pseudonym Captain Charles Johnson, this being the definite text of pirate history that has come down to us (Novak 642).   In conclusion, the iconic image of the pirate that has come down to us, largely influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel Treasure Island, is best described as a figment of the Western imagination. The pirates described in the novel are on the whole accurate, but historical accuracy is not the aim here. Pirates were dangerous robbers of the high seas, but it is an aspect that the mythical pirate wants to evade. Instead it is the spirit of individualism and initiative that is meant to be emphasized, because it resonates with the Western spirit as a whole. It is because Stevenson captured this sprits in his tale, which is set in the golden age of piracy, that has endeared it to the Western audience, and continues to excite successive generations of readers, and not only the young. Works Cited Burl, Aubery. Black Barty: The Real Pirate of the Caribbean. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2006. Eliade, Mircea. Myth and Reality. New York: Waveland Press, 1998. Kingsley, Charles. At Last. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, 2007. Lane, Kris E. Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. Novak, Maximillian E. Daniel Defoe: Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Selected Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson. Contributor Ernest Mehew. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Treasure Island. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, 2004. Zaczek, Iain. Pirates. London: AAPPL, 2007.